统筹模式下对养老保险缴交计算方式的探索

养老保险作为社会保险中重要而且必须的一个组成项目,为退出劳动领域的老年人提供收入来源,是老年人晚年生活的经济保障,其统筹层次、计算和缴纳方式对所有劳动者切身利益产生重大影响。如何选择一个科学的可操作的计算方式是完善社会保险的一个重要工作。本文在分析了我国养老保险全国统筹工作的开展现状及现行计算方式存在的问题基础上,提出在全国统筹模式下养老保险的计算方法,促进养老保险制度改革,更好地发挥社会保险的互济和调剂功能,并指出中国养老保险制度改革最终必须走全国统筹的发展道路。     

The redistributive role of government social security transfers on inequality in China

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the redistributive role of government social security transfers on inequality in China. We attempt to answer two questions. First, does inequality of after-transfer income narrow, compared to that of before-transfer income? Second, given the scale and distribution of existing government social security transfers, will a small percentage increase in the transfers narrow or widen the inequality of total income? By employing the methodologies of the Musgrave-Thin (MT) index and decomposition of the Gini coefficient of total income by its sources, we find a positive answer to the first question and a negative answer to the second question. Government social security transfers have a positive role on inequality in the sense that the Gini coefficient of after-transfer income is smaller than that of before-transfer income. However, government social security transfers have a negative role on inequality, as current inequality will go up if there is a universal increase in government social security transfers for all recipients. Of all the components of government social security transfers, formal sector pensions are most unequalizing, whereas dibao and rural pension benefits have equalizing effects on the income distribution in China.     

关于建立新型农村养老保障制度的探索

社会主义新农村建设中,新型农村养老保障体系所起的作用日益突出。农村人口老龄化的加快、家庭养老功能严重弱化、收入分配扭曲使建立新型农村养老保障制度成为必要。目前全国各地都在相应进行新型农村养老保障体系的试点探索,并取得一定的效果。本文以福建莆田荔城区试点作为考察对象,分析了新型农村养老保障制度创新之处,探讨了新型农村养老保障体系待改进的地方,并对此提出建议。     

Smaller Real Regional Income Gap than Nominal Income Gap： A Price-adjusted Study

I. IntroductionSince China’s reform and opening-up, its economy has witnessed rapid growth togetherReal Regional Income Gap39 ?2006 The Authors Journal compilation ?2006 Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences with a substantial increase in household income. Sustained rapid economic growth has led to an increasingly larger “pie” for distribution. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China preliminary estimation indicated that GDP …     

Home ownership,housing price and social security expenditure

This paper analyzes the substitution and trade-off effects of homeownership and housing price on social security expenditure. We construct a theoretical model to investigate the optimal choice for individual and government in social security system with estate transaction. The model predicts that the government is more likely to decrease (increase) social security spending under a higher home rate when house price rises (falls). We test 35 metropolises panel data which spans the year of 1998–2012 under a two-way fixed effects framework. Our empirical analysis supports the theoretical prediction. The estimation results show that at the current home rate 82%, 1% increase in housing price will lead to 1.15 Yuan reduction in social security spending per capita.     

Social security wealth and aggregate consumption: An extended life-cycle model estimated for The Netherlands

Summary In this paper a method is developed to calculate a wealth variable accounting for the existence of the basic old-age provisions in The Netherlands (AOW). In line with Feldstein's extended life-cycle model, consumption functions with (gross) social security wealth are estimated for The Netherlands for the period 1957–1986. The marginal propensity to consume social security wealth is statistically significant in the applied specifications. The data favour the use of an age- and period-dependent discount rate. The results compare relatively well with the consumption equations in the models of the Central Planning Bureau and De Nederlandsche Bank.this paper improved considerably thanks to comments of members of the Department of Macro-Economics (University of Amsterdam) and the anonymous referee(s) of this journal. Special thanks to Hans Amman for letting me write my own computer program!     

安徽省农村地区养老保障的现状与思考

安徽省“未富先老”、农村青壮年劳动力大量外流的现实,使其在农村养老保障方面面临着一系列特殊问题。在当前“新农村”建设、城乡一体化发展的大背景下,建立基于安徽实际的农村养老保障体系势在必行。文章在对安徽省目前的家庭养老、社会养老、社区养老三个方面进行综合探析的基础上,提出了建立三种养老方式取长补短、相互协调的农村养老保障体系的对策思考。     

An Alternative Route to a Basic Income: The Transition from Conditional to Unconditional Social Secutity

This article explores an alternative route towards a basic income regime. The normal route is to start with a partial basic income which is gradually increased during a long period of time. This approach has several disadvantages: social security becomes a mixture of two regimes, incentives to perform paid work for persons neither performing paid work nor entitled to social security benefits are reduced, the partial basic income paid to this group is to a large extent unnecessary from the perspective of guaranteeing a minimum income, and finally it does not reduce the poverty trap from below, but from above. The alternative route uses three characteristics of the present conditional social security system (tax allowance, minimum wage and withdrawal rate) to implement a gross-net earnings trajectory which closely resembles the gross-net earnings trajectory belonging to a basic income system.     

Fertility and old-age labor supply in aging China

This paper studies the fertility and old-age labor supply decisions of Chinese households along with the relaxation of fertility control and a rise in life expectancy. We first build an overlapping-generations model, where agents make endogenous fertility and old-age labor supply decisions in the presence of fertility constraint. In our model, children serve as an alternative saving technology since they provide intra-family transfer for their old-age parents. Our analytical results suggest that the impact of rising life expectancy on fertility depends on whether children are more like consumption goods or saving vehicles. Relaxing fertility control would induce more leisure in the old age, while a rise in life expectancy would lead to more old-age labor supply. We then calibrate the model to Chinese economy and find that a rise in life expectancy would discourage fertility as intra-family transfer becomes less important. In addition, the implementation of two-children policy rather than full relaxation of fertility control, a rise in child-rearing cost, and an expansion of social security would also reduce fertility, partly offsetting the effects of relaxing one-child policy.     

对养老保障和住房保障整合发展的探讨

养老保障与住房保障整合发展是指以居民的社会保障需求为中心进行政策调整,形成一体化的解决方案,使人们对养老和住房的需求得到同时满足;整合各种社会资源来完善养老保障和住房保障,使两者实现良性互动,互为补充,互相促进,协调发展,产生“1 1>2”的整体效应。     

社会保障视域下的中国农村土地流转探析

文章认为,农村土地流转与农村社会保障是紧密关联的。当前,由于我国农村社会保障制度难以满足农民工的现实诉求、农村最低生活保障制度尚未健全、农村养老保险制度仍在探索试验、农村合作医疗制度举步维艰等,导致土地流转不畅。文章指出,大力加强农村社会保障制度体系建设,建立健全适合现代农村特点和发展要求的社会保障新模式,对顺利推进农村土地流转、增加农民收入、维护农村社会稳定和谐意义重大。     

农村养老保障制度变迁的逻辑分析——基于土地经营制度视角

中国农村养老保障制度自建立以来,就没有体现其作为基本社会制度的独立性和稳定性,而是作为国家发展战略和农村土地经营制度的配套政策并随其不断调整。随着我国土地经营制度的调整和市场经济的发展,农村社会养老保障机制必须摆脱其作为国家发展战略和农村土地经营制度的衍生品的色彩,回归其社会本性。     

我国收入分配差距扩大的成因、后果与对策

本文在概括已有关于收入分配差距的成因、后果与解决措施的同时,提出了一些新观点:根据模糊理论提出超广义资源概念,以超广义资源的观点提出了税收的理论和依据以及社会保障的理论依据分析了贫富差距加大带来的许多后果和社会保障对缩小收入分配差距的许多方面的好处,并且提出以社会保障来调节人力资源的工资待遇和住房价格。此外提出开辟中国第四产业—创新产业来缩小收入分配差距、解决就业,特别是大学生就业,发展我国科技。文中分析了市场经济中一些导致贫富差距加大的局限,认为政府和公众要对市场进行更多干预,并且提出职位资源的概念,限制工作的压力和发展富人消费来增加就业机会。     

Age-period-cohort decomposition of social security taxes and benefits in the USA and Japan

Aggregate data of social security taxes and benefits in the USA and Japan, classified by period and by age, are decomposed into age, period, and cohort effects using the Bayesian cohort models which were developed to overcome the identification problem in cohort analysis. Regarding to US results, it is shown that period and cohort effects have negligible impact on US social security taxes and benefits which are measured as the share of household expenditure and income, respectively. Regarding to Japanese results, it is shown that period effects show a moderate trend in social security taxes and that cohort effects indicate small up-and-down movements.      

河北省社会保障制度改革——历史沿革与路径分析

文章回顾了河北省社会保障制度改革的历程并作了简要评价,认为要加快河北省社会保障制度改革,必须坚持公平原则,重新界定政府在社会保障制度改革中的角色定位;加快建立公共财政制度,完善转移支付机制;完善面向弱势群体的社会保障制度;以养老保险和医疗保险为突破口,扩大社会保险的覆盖面。     

农业补贴政策影响及调整方向研究

本文深入研究了农业补贴政策对粮食供给总量安全、粮食供给结构安全以及农户总收入水平的影响效果。基于构建的农业DSGE模型,从宏微观结合的多方位视角考察了多种农业补贴政策以及政府一般性服务支持政策对农业生产要素资本积累水平、农户投入行为决策、农业生产力水平以及农户总收入的影响效果和传导路径,并在此基础上结合宏观经济数据的真实反馈分析,全面考察了核心经济变量在农业补贴政策实施期间的真实影响效果。研究结果显示：（1）农业补贴政策能够有效刺激农户对农业生产要素投入水平的提高,深层激发和释放了农业生产力;（2）农业补贴政策能够有效保证农户基本经营收入水平,并显著增加农户可支配转移净收入水平,对保障农户基本总收入起重要作用;（3）最低收购价和临时收储等托市价格政策会刺激农产品价格呈现上升趋势,并不利于农业种植结构不平衡的调节。     

我国农村养老保障体系发展的困境与对策

我国已经步入老龄化社会,而作为一个农业大国,农村人口的老龄化现象比城市更加突出。但是,与城市比较健全的社会养老保障制度相比,我国农村养老保障体系存在着较多的问题和困境。文章分析了我国农村养老保障体制的现状,并提出了对策,认为国家应该承担起其在完善农村养老保障制度中的责任。     

完善我国农村养老保险模式途径分析

如何完善农村养老保险模式,是我国政府进行社会管理时应该考虑的问题,也是构建和谐社会必须考虑的问题。而搞好整体模式设计是完善农村社会养老保险制度的重要任务,从农村经济发展的差异性出发,完善农村社会养老保险模式必须依据不同类型农村的经济发展水平进行分类设计,在贫困型农村建立家庭养老为主的养老保险模式,在温饱型农村建立家庭养老和社区养老相结合的养老保险模式,在富裕型农村建立城乡统一的社会养老保险模式。本文最后又分析了进城农民工和失地农民的养老保险问题。     

对我国收入分配制度的若干思考

当前我国收入分配严重失衡,两极分化严重,主要原因在于初次分配、再分配、社会保障等领域分配制度的缺陷。应从完善个人收入分配制度、税收调节分配制度、土地收益分配制度、社会保障分配制度,以及控制商品房价格、打压房地产投机行为等方面予以完善。     

Insecure old-age security

In this paper, we examine the old-age security hypothesis accordingto which parents rear children because they expect the latterto care for them in their later years. In developing countrieswhere there are no perfect capital markets, children are usuallyviewed as a potential source of income and as a time-relatedsupport in old age. However, investing in children remains risky.By focusing on uncertainty about the parental consumption duringold age, we show that there exists a precautionary motive forthe demand for children so that fertility of prudent parentsis expected to increase.