论企业信用关系中的道德支撑

市场经济是以理性化为特征的信用经济或法治经济,需要以自由、平等、信用和契约为基础建立一种普遍性的交换关系。目前,我国正处在经济体制转轨时期,市场规则和市场秩序尚不健全,离开道德主体人格的塑造,离开政府信用与企业信用关系的良性互动,构建和谐社会只能是一句空话。为了切实发挥道德的调节功能,不仅要在全社会范围内建立符合社会主义核心价值体系内在要求的道德规范,还要提高政府的公共管理水平和社会参与者的整体素质。只有这样,才能发挥伦理道德这种“支持性资源”的支撑作用,促进我国社会经济的又好又快发展。     

Cognitive Theory and Moral Behavior: The Contribution of F. A. Hayek to Business Ethics

This paper shows how business ethics as a concept may be approached from a cognitive viewpoint. Following F. A. Hayek's cognitive theory, I argue that moral behavior evolves and changes because of individual perception and action. Individual moral behavior becomes a moral rule when prominently displayed by members of a certain society in a specific situation. A set of moral rules eventually forms the ethical code of a society, of which business ethics codes are only a part. By focusing on the concept of "limited" or "dispersed knowledge" that underlies the cognitive approach, I show that universal ethical norms that should lead to defined outcomes cannot exist. This approach moreover shows the limits of deliberate rule-setting. Attempts to deliberately impose universal ethical rules on societies may turn out to be harmful for societal development and lead to an abuse of governmental power.     

How Can Business Ethics Strengthen the Social Cohesion of a Society?

The essay aims to show how business ethics—understood as a three-level approach—can strengthen the social cohesion of a society, which is jeopardized today in many ways. In the first part, the purpose of business and the economy is explained as the creation of wealth defined as a combination of private and public wealth that includes natural, economic, human, and social capital. Special emphasis is placed on the implications of the creation of public wealth which requires institutions other than the market and motivations other than self-regarding ones. In the second part, the question of what holds a society together is discussed through different approaches: enlightened self-interest, a new game-theoretical approach, and the concept of the common good advanced by Catholic Social Teaching, followed by my own proposal. The third part presents several perspectives for business ethics to strengthen social cohesion of a society (a) by focusing on the purpose of business and the economy to create natural, economic, human, and social capital; (b) by advancing public goods that stand the test of ethical scrutiny; and (c) by securing human rights conceptualized as public goods.     

A complementary perspective on business ethics in South Korea: Civil religion,common misconceptions,and overlooked social structures

Following the recent call for advancement in knowledge about business ethics in East Asia, this study proposes a complementary perspective on business ethics in South Korea. We challenge the conventional view that South Korea is a strictly collectivist country, where group norms and low trust determine the norms and values of behavior. Using the concept of civil religion, we suggest that the center of the South Korean civil religion can be seen in the affective ties and networks pervading the economic, political, and social institutions, embedded in and guided by Confucian ideals. We argue that South Korea should be seen not as a collectivist low‐trust society, but rather as an affective‐relational society, in which the relational context determines whether collectivism or individualism prevails. Further, we assert that trust, the cohesive factor of affective ties and networks, has until now been inadequately captured by conventional surveys. Our proposed perspective contributes to a more holistic picture and a more firmly grounded understanding of business ethics in South Korea.     

和谐社会经济制度基础研究述评

近年来，学术界围绕着建设社会主义和谐社会经济制度基础的必要性、可能性扣基本内容等进行了深入的探讨。总的来说，我们所要建设的社会主义和谐社会的经济制度基础应包括市场经济制度、社会保障制度、收入分配制度、劳动就业制度、公共财政制度、经济法律制度、经济伦理制度，甚至包括金融制度和税收制度等。所有这些制度之间构成了一种良性的逻辑互动关系，和谐社会经济制度基础是和谐经济与经济和谐之间、和谐社会的经济制度和制度化的和谐社会之间的逻辑互动。     

从“旭日阳刚”的走红来看我国社会保障体系制度的建立与完善

我国正在建立健全的完善公平的社会保障体系制度。是确保社会公平与正义、缩小贫富差距过大,建立和谐社会的需要。当前,就我国的现实情况看,建立健全完善公平的社会保障制度。必须积极稳妥地推进户籍制度改革,消除城乡二元户籍结构,促进公民广泛就业;必须在进一步完善国有企业和事业单位、政府机关社会保障体系的同时,对非公经济成分的职工也要尽快建立健全完善公平的社会保障体系,让全体公民共丰改革开放成果。只有这样,才能保证整个社会公民在市场经济中公平相处,也才能为我国经济社会更快更好发展提供保证。     

Conventional ethics and the United Nations debt relief project

It is often assumed that conventional ethics will contribute positively to economics and business, but here, this judgment will be examined. The conventional ethics of our time is dominated by altruistic philosophy, which has deep roots in religion. Such an idealistic ‘altruistic ethics’ especially emphasizes helping the least advantaged. This principle is contrasted with a more profane ‘reciprocal ethics.’ This term is used for the principle of mutual advantage central to a number of significant philosophers. This latter principle is compatible with the practical norms constituting the morals of the market, while the former implies major adjustment of behavior and policies. Many ethicists consider their field to be ‘applied ethics,’ bringing the concrete rules and practices of the economic sector closer to honored first principles of philosophy. Is it reasonable to expect an influence by the ideas of altruistic ethics to improve the morals and policies of the economy? The process of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative of the United Nations illustrates a probably crucial connection with altruistic ethics. Is this project, supported by religiously inspired groups, a sound way to treat a serious global problem? The disadvantages of this project are discussed and alternatives with better potential are presented. The article suggests that altruistic ethics is a dubious foundation for constructive morality and that its dominance in contemporary philosophy constitutes a major obstacle to a more open‐minded analysis and sound policies.     

Balancing State, Market and Social Justice: Russian Experiences and Lessons to Learn

This article deals with the relations in the triangle state–society–business in modern Russia. It is shown against Russian historical background, that the absolutist state in this country could never be identified with the society and these relations were shaped under its strong domination. The ethics of rule-following characteristic for market economy in general did not develop in Russia. The breakdown of communist Russia and market reforms proceeding since 1992 did not change this situation significantly. The period of political alliance between big business and government was followed by restoration of state dominance in somewhat modified forms. Both periods were characterized by corruption, which contrary to Putin’s slogans, increases in Russia. In the article I show the evolution of Putin administration’s policy which changed from emphasizing and improving legal institutions to selective use of legal norms depending on personal loyalty. Main forms of state exploitation of Russian business are described. The conclusion is that Russian experience of balancing state and market should be called negative.Dr. Vladimir Avtonomov is Professor and Dean of Economic Faculty at State University-Higher School of Economics in Moscow. He is also Head of Department in the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of Russian Academy of Sciences. Among his works are two books on model of man in economics, textbooks in history of economic thought and introductory economics for high-schools. He is a corresponding member of Russian Academy of Sciences and a member of Council of European Society for History of Economic Thought (ESHET).     

《物权法》:国家、公民财产权利保障书

《中华人民共和国物权法》是一部明确物的归属、保护物权、充分发挥物的效用、维护市场经济秩序、维护国家基本经济制度、关系人民群众切身利益的民事基本法律,是法律体系中起支架作用的重要法典。它的作用:一是定分止争,通过确认物的归属,加强对物权的保护,达到维护社会正常秩序的目的。它与社会公众的衣食住行和生老病死等切身利益息息相关,密不可分,被称为"公民财产权利保障书"。二是促进物尽其用,通过规范物权人的权利义务,为物权人充分利用财产提供良好的法制环境,鼓励权利人创造财富,积累财富,扩展物业。它在总结我国民事立法和司法活动长期积累的经验基础上,结合中国的实际情况,设计出了一整套体系完备的物权法律规则,是一部保障安居乐业法,也是一部促进经济发展、构建和谐社会法。     

Integrative Social Contracts Theory: Hype over Hypernorms

Applying social contract theory to business ethics is a relatively new idea, and perhaps nobody has pursued this direction better than Thomas Donaldson and Thomas W. Dunfee. Their "Integrative Social Contracts Theory" manages to combine culturally sensitive decision making capacities with trans-cultural norms by setting up a layered system of social contracts. Lurking behind their work is a concern with the problems of relativism. They hope to alleviate these problems by introducing three concepts important to the ISCT: "authentic norms," which clarify culturally specific norms, "priority rules," which determine the rules of engagement when authentic norms clash, and "hypernorms," which measure the value of authentic norms against a thin set of universally upheld values. This paper traces the genealogy of these hypernorms and challenges their value for the ISCT. It argues that well-conceived priority rules can do everything hypernorms can, and can do so more simply.     

The Natural Link Between Virtue Ethics and Political Virtue: The Morality of the Market

Against the idea that market economy is something greedy and immoral, we will set out the idea that market economy based on firms has a very positive moral content: the possibility of excellence of human action. Firms based on people acting together, sharing the culture of the organization, toward virtue-based ethics, create and distribute most of the economy’s wealth, innovate, trade and raise living standards. We will present a criterion which states that social coordination improves if the process of creation of individual possibilities of action, which is carried out in the social institutions—in our case, the firm—is extended. There is a retention of possibilities that is formed in the institutions and transmitted culturally. In that moment entrepreneurship emerges, the creative tension that expands, maintains, or diminishes the possibilities of action. Hence, the firm is the institution that carries out a very important practice: fostering new possibilities of individual action. In this paper, we will adopt the point of the view of the acting person. The reality we observe is personal action within its cultural and institutional dimensions. A theory of personal action in societal institutions bridges the way from virtue-based ethics toward ethics of institutions.     

Prisoner’s Dilemmas, Cooperative Norms, and Codes of Business Ethics

Prisoner's dilemmas can lead rational people to interact in ways that lead to persistent inefficiencies. These dilemmas create a problem for institutional designers to solve: devise institutions that realign individual incentives to achieve collectively rational outcomes. I will argue that we do not always want to eliminate misalignments between individual incentives and efficient outcomes. Sometimes we want to preserve prisoner's dilemmas, even when we know that they systematically will lead to inefficiencies. No doubt, prisoner's dilemmas can create problems, but they also create opportunities to practice the cooperative norms that make market institutions possible in the first place. An ethical market culture, I argue, benefits from the presence of prisoner's dilemmas. I first consider standard approaches for solving prisoner's dilemmas. I then argue for the value of prisoner's dilemmas. Finally, I show the significance of this argument for advocating codes of business ethics.     

Business Ethics in the Former Soviet Union: A Report

Transition from a planned command economy to a market economy means tearing down a socio-economic setting where everybody follows orders and nobody bears individual responsibility for anything. The absence of personal responsibility does not promote ethical behavior in any walk of life. Today, the malnourished business ethics in the former Soviet Union creates a critical obstacle to economic development. The paucity of new official rules governing the conduct of business makes the transition process painful and difficult to people habituated to numberless rules and regulations. The first part of this paper surveys the most visible unethical business practices that have been reported by the Western media and those that are causing the largest number of complaints by the local governments and businessmen. The second part of the paper looks at ethical problems that have been under-reported.     

Individualist Economic Values and Self-Interest: The Problem in the Puritan Ethic

The Puritan ethic is conventionally interpreted as a set of individualistic values that encourage a degree of self-interest inimical to the good of organizations and society. A closer reading of original Puritan moralists reveals a different ethic. Puritan moralists simultaneously legitimated economic individualism while urging individuals to work for the common good. They contrasted self-interest and the common good, which they understood to be the sinful and moral ends, respectively, of economic individualism. This polarity can be found in all the details of their moral system, including the Puritan understanding of vocation, economic virtues, property rights, contracts, wealth and poverty, market prices and interest, and the proper economic role of government. The efforts of contemporary ethics to confront the problem of self-interest in business organizations and society would be enriched by a rediscovery of the Puritan understanding of self as a fundamental problem for any individualistic value system.     

Environmental Respect: Ethics or Simply Business? A Study in the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Context

In recent years there have been ever-growing concerns regarding environmental decline, causing some companies to focus on the implementation of environmentally friendly supply, production and distribution systems. Such concern may stem either from the set of beliefs and values of the company’s management or from certain pressure exerted by the market – consumers and institutions – in the belief that an environmentally respectful management policy will contribute to the transmission of a positive image of the company and its products. Sometimes, however, ethics and market rules are not enough to deal with this situation and specific laws must be considered. This is the case when companies base their activity on the ‹ethics of self-interest’ concentrating their efforts on projecting an adequate image – e.g. environmental respect – rather than fundamentally behaving in environmentally respectful ways. This article, taking as reference the SME context, discusses the reasons for implementing environmentally friendly systems. Both ethics and business seem to be relevant and, therefore, a certain balance between market and interventionism seems to be necessary.     

市场经济的企业伦理学分析

随着我国市场经济的发展,人民整体生活水平得到大幅度提高,但市场体制本身固有的缺陷也日益从理论走到现实生活中。从企业伦理学的角度分析市场经济体制,可以清楚的认定:企业不再仅仅被认为是人类财富的源泉,它也应承担起相应的社会责任。人们应该对企业社会角色给予高度重视,从而将构建和谐社会的理念转化为政策层面的推动力,促进公民生活水平的提高。     

亚当·斯密的市场道德秩序论

市场道德秩序论是亚当·斯密经济伦理思想的灵魂,它适合于市场经济,是道德观念、市场法则和一般准则的自发融合,并以国民素养培育为保证。德福一致、诚信守法、容忍失败是市场道德秩序论的基本原则。市场的道德秩序不仅是市场经济健康高效运行的基础,还是原发创新性的动力源泉。     

The Price of Morality. An Analysis of Personality, Moral Behaviour, and Social Rules in Economic Terms

The focus of the present study was the rationality of moral behaviour and moral conviction. Assumptions like "morality pays" or "good ethics is good business" are not a priori right. Whether morality as personal conviction is also economically rational or not depends in large part on the institutional setting of a society and the likelihood that immoral behaviour will be sanctioned. The systematic approach to morality thus appears to be political economy and the institutional setting: rules and laws. However, the conditions for morality depend not only on the formal structures but also on the informal structures of rules and sanctions. Hence, the systematic approach to morality is most closely linked with the culture of a society; the efficiency of individual morality depends on social conditions. It is costly for individuals and societies to establish and entertain conditions that set clear incentives for moral behaviour. In this context, moral competencies, learning, and education play a crucial role.     

外贸体制改革初探——中朝比较分析

市场经济体制从本质上来说就是一种规范经济。自改革开放以来,中国的经济面貌发生了很大变化,我国外贸体制的最终目标是要与社会主义市场经济相适应,本文通过比较分析了中国、朝鲜外贸体制的改革,以期对外贸体制进一步发展有所启发。     

老子经济伦理思想论纲

《道德经》一书蕴含丰富的经济伦理思想,但在运用于现代市场经济前,必须对老子的经济伦理思想进行重新解释。本文采取批判性的诠释方式,将老子的经济伦理思想概括为天道原则、不争的分配伦理、诚信的交换伦理、节制的消费伦理和适度的发展伦理。