Differences in the effects of informal family caregiving on health and life satisfaction between wives and husbands as caregivers

We analyze whether or not informal family caregiving worsens caregivers’ health and life satisfaction among Japanese married middle‐aged and elderly individuals from the Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement. Unlike previous studies, we distinguish between wives and husbands as caregivers and between one's own and one's spouse's parents as care recipients. We find women's depressive state is negatively associated with caregiving for spousal parents both in our instrumental variable estimations and fixed‐effect panel analysis, and also find women's life satisfaction is negatively associated with caregiving for spousal parents in our fixed‐effect panel analysis, though only marginally so. However, as our results are marginally significant, caregiving for either own or spousal parents does not seem to matter much for caregiver's health or life satisfaction. All that can be said for certain in our paper is that men's subjective health, depressive state, and life satisfaction are generally less sensitive to informal care, for both spousal and own parents, than that of women.     

Economic decision-making by cohabitors: findings regarding income pooling

Cohabitation rates are increasing in the US but little is known about how cohabitors make economic decisions. For instance, do female cohabitors treat their male partner's income as shared household income when choosing hours worked? Does income sharing differ among types of cohabitors? This study investigates whether or not cohabitors pool income by drawing inferences from a generalized model of labour supply. The empirical work uses data from the 1993 Current Population Survey and the 1987 National Survey of Families and Households. These data sets provide evidence that cohabitors, taken as a group, do not pool all income. However, there is also evidence that cohabitors are not homogeneous in their behaviour; income pooling is not rejected for cohabitors in longer-term relationships and for those who have a biological child together.     

Empirical evidence regarding electricity consumption and urban economic growth

Links between electricity consumption and economic growth are fairly well documented for national economies, but less so for urban economies. The analysis of such relationships at the sub-national level of aggregation can potentially offer a useful complement to national-level research. This study examines the electricity-growth nexus in El Paso, Texas, while also considering the roles of capital stocks and employment. Testing suggests the presence of cointegrating relationships and a vector error correction model is estimated. Granger causality tests reveal the absence of causality between electricity consumption and personal income, implying that energy conservation efforts will have a neutral effect on economic growth. Furthermore, the results indicate that causality runs from the capital stock and employment to both personal income and electricity consumption. This echoes previous research regarding the importance of accounting for capital and labour factors of production in studies of aggregate electricity utilization and economic performance. The methodology used in this analysis to develop a broad synthetic measure of the urban capital stock, including various categories of public infrastructure, can also be applied to other regions and urban economies.     

Evolutionarily stable conjectures and other regarding preferences in duopoly games

We study the evolutionary selection of conjectures in duopoly games when players have other regarding preferences, i.e. preferences over payoff distributions. In both the Cournot and Bertrand duopoly games, the consistent conjectures are independent of other regarding preferences. Both duopoly games have evolutionarily stable conjectures that depend on other regarding preferences but that do not coincide with the consistent conjectures. For increasingly spiteful preferences, the evolutionarily stable conjectures implicate low quantities in the Cournot game and high prices in the Bertrand game, whereas the inverse relationships hold for the consistent conjectures. We discuss our findings in the context of ultimate and proximate causation.     

基于现代农业实践教育的思考与实践

介绍黑龙江垦区现代化农业所需人才的类型及紧迫性,阐述农业高等教育在农业现代人才培养中的重要作用,侧重阐述黑龙江八一农垦大学农学专业为满足现代农业人才需求,构建的"四为四实"实践教育体系的构建与实践。     

依法治国助推社会主义核心价值观的培育和践行

党的十八大提出全面推进依法治国、培育和践行社会主义核心价值观,不仅体现了中国共产党高度的法治自觉和价值自信,也体现出依法治国对培育、践行社会主义核心价值观的重要意义。因此,立足于依法治国,对依法治国助推社会主义核心价值观的培育和践行展开论证。     

Differential information and informational equilibrium

A concept of informational equilibrium is discussed based on the idea that each economic agent views himself as facing a Markovian decision problem. The case of differential information is considered. This definition is related to those found in general equilibrium theory and in the theory of stochastic games.     

Differential mortality and social security

Abstract This paper studies the normative problem of redistribution between individuals who differ in their lifespans. We discuss aspects related to the objective function and argue that aversion to multiperiod inequality should be taken into account. Then, we study the properties of the social optimum both with full information and with asymmetric information. We highlight the role of aversion to multiperiod inequality and show that it has substantial consequences on the design of Social Security schemes. In particular, we show that for a low (resp. high) aversion to multiperiod inequality, a negative (resp. positive) implicit tax rate on continued activity is desirable.     

高校财务现金结算以POS机刷卡结算替代的实践与体会

我单位以POS机刷卡的电子结算方式,代替现金结算的实践,至今三年有余,取得了良好的效果,工作效率大大提高,减少了支付结算时间,减少了支付转移差错;在控制限额,减少流动性风险,财务内控方面都得以加强,现金收付的差错率降为零.     

Further evidence regarding nonlinear trend reversion of real GDP and the CPI

This paper examines whether the CPI and real GDP for the US exhibit nonlinear reversion to trend as recently concluded by Beechey and Österholm [Beechey, M. and Österholm, P., 2008. Revisiting the uncertain unit root in GDP and CPI: testing for nonlinear trend reversion. Economics Letters 100, 221-223]. The wild bootstrap is used to correct for non-normality and heteroscedasticity in a nonlinear unit root test. The use of ‘wild bootstrapped’ critical values affects test conclusions in some cases. Results also are sensitive to the sample period examined.     

Differential income taxation and household asset allocation

This article empirically investigates the effects of differential income taxation on households’ portfolio choice and asset allocation, applying a two-stage budgeting model of asset demand to German survey data. The model is structured into the discrete and the continuous asset choice. Cross-sectional variation in marginal tax rates, appropriately instrumented, as well as over-time variation from a major tax reform are used to identify the tax effects. Households with higher tax rates are found to have relatively greater demand for tax-privileged assets, such as nonowner-occupied housing, mortgage repayments, building society deposits, stocks, insurances and consumer credits, than households with lower tax rates. Demand at higher tax rates is lower for owner-occupied housing, bank deposits and bonds.     

Theory and practice of monetary policy

Summary. We consider an optimally managed renewable resource with stochastic non-concave growth function. We characterize the conditions under which the optimal policy leads to global extinction, global conservation and the existence of a safe standard of conservation. Our conditions are specified in terms of the economic and ecological primitives of the model: the biological growth function, the welfare function, the distribution of shocks and the discount rate. Our results indicate that, unlike deterministic models, extinction and conservation in stochastic models are not determined by a simple comparison of the growth rate and the discount rate; the welfare function plays an important role.Received: 20 October 2004, Revised: 28 February 2005, JEL Classification Numbers: D90, O11, O41, Q32.Santanu Roy: Correspondence toResearch on this paper was completed when the second author visited Cornell University in July, 2003. We thank the Center for Analytic Economics and the Department of Economics at Cornell University for making this research visit possible. The current version has gained considerably from the comments made by an anonymous referee.     

Differential efficiency,market structure and price

A persistent question in industrial economics is the underpinning of the link between market concentration and price. How much of the link can be attributed to market power and how much to market efficiency? This paper develops a theoretical model to address that question. Applied to the US portland cement industry, the model indicates that both impacts matter. In relative terms, however, the market power effect is twice as large as the efficiency effect. An implication for merger policy is that the beneficial efficiency effects of mergers may not be obtained without the detrimental market power effects as well.     

Oil-price effects in theory and practice

The present paper contains an investigation of the international repercussions of oil-price effects. The analysis develops a theoretical model to study the effects of oil-price changes on real income, prices, and international trade in a three region model (DCs, OPEC, LDCs). The comparative statics analysis indicates that oil-price effects cannot be determined unambiguously, unless information about structural parameters and policy reactions is also provided. To estimate the quantitative effects of oil-price changes, the analysis relies on dynamic simulations of an econometrically estimated version of the theoretical model. Such a model is subject to a sensitivity analysis, providing quantitative information about the international transmission of oil-price effects.     

The Differential Returns Offered by Mutually Owned and Proprietary UK Depository Institutions: 1993–2000

The study quantifies the differences in the level of return from investing in deposit (savings) accounts provided by depository institutions, which are either 'mutual' or 'proprietary'. It is shown that for most types of deposit accounts offered in the UK, mutual building societies provide higher returns than proprietary firms. Surprisingly, it is also shown that returns from deposit accounts issued by converted or non‐mutual building societies are, generally, lower than either mutual building societies or proprietary firms. These findings are consistent for interest rate data adjusted for the effect of non‐price product characteristics and for unadjusted interest rate data.     

促进出口:加拿大的金融服务机构及其经验

对外贸易在加拿大经济中占有举足轻重的地位。根据加拿大统计局公布的统计显示,2004 年加拿大外贸总额达到 7934.8 亿加元,比上年增长 7% 。其中进口 3631 .3 亿加元,比上年增长 6.2% ;出口 4303 .6亿加元,同比增长 7.6% 。全年实现贸易顺差 1019.6 亿加元。出口占同期国内 生产 总值约 35% 。 在 加拿大,三分之一的工作职位与出口相关,而每 10 亿加元的出口额便可以创造或维持 11000 个就业机会。但是,加拿大的对外贸易在贸易主体和贸易伙伴上均过于集中,不利于中小出口商得到政府适当的支持和帮助。据统计,外贸额前五位的 公 司 出 口 额 …     

Differential Fecundity and Gender-Biased Parental Investments in Health

Women are fecund for a shorter period of their lives than men. In monogamous societies with divorce and remarriage, fecund women are relatively scarce. This paper studies how parents, who maximize discounted dynastic consumption, invest in the survival of their sons and daughters. The theory also generates endogenous sex ratios, income class sizes, and population growth. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: J1, I12.