我国公共支出结构经济增长效应的实证研究

笔者基于1978年～2010年的时间序列数据,运用VAR模型和VEC模型等计量分析工具实证研究我国公共支出结构的经济增长效应.研究结果表明,公共投资性支出短期内有利于经济增长,长期对经济增长产生负效应;政府行政支出短期内有利于经济增长,长期会抑制经济增长;文教科卫支出具有可持续的经济增长效应;财政转移性支出长期看能对经济增长产生正效应,但贡献率较低.因此,有必要优化公共投资性支出结构,提高政府行政支出效率,加大文教科卫支出和财政转移性支出的投入力度,促进经济良性增长.     

公共资本对经济增长的影响及“挤出效应”分析

我国自20世纪70年代末开始经济改革以来,经济以年均接近70％的速度增长。在此过程中,东部地区发展尤为迅速,相比而言,西部省市的发展就稍显落后。1998年国家提出西部大开发战略,旨在加速西部地区经济的增长。纵观改革20年,在整个国经济增长过程中,许多因素都起到了重要作用。例如使家庭成为基本生产单位的农业改革,在企业管理中引入了物质激励的企业改革,各种价格改革、技术引进、面向国际贸易和外国投资的市场开放以及非国有部门的兴起等等。其中,公共资本对经济发展的影响如何？这将是本文探讨的重要问题。     

经济增长模型中的公共资本*

关于公共资本与经济增长关系的理论研究在近二十年来取得了长足进步。本文提供了一个一般性分析框架,将公共资本与经济增长领域的众多研究成果统一在该框架中进行了系统梳理,从而清晰呈现了其理论发展脉络。首先,本文在基本模型中探究了该领域内学者普遍关心的核心问题,这些问题包括增长率最大化与社会福利最大化公共投资规则以及最优与均衡转移路径等。然后,通过逐个放宽基本模型的假设,本文考察了主要结论在扩展模型中是否依然成立。具体而言,本文分别在公共资本具有拥挤性而非纯公共产品性质,公共资本折旧率内生决定而非外生给定,公共投资同时以流量与存量形式而非仅以存量形式影响私人生产以及存在多级政府而非仅一级政府的假设下,对模型结论进行了检验。本文探讨了这些更反映现实的假定对结论产生的不同影响,并进而指出该领域所面临的挑战与未来可能的发展方向。     

公共投资产出效率与经济增长之相关性分析:1978～2007

本文在总量生产函数的框架下,以1978-2007年为样本期,运用单位根和协整分析方法研究了中国公共资本和私人资本产出效率与经济增长之间的相关性。结果显示:无论在外生技术进步的假定下,还是在技术由资本积累内生引至的假定下,公共资本的产出弹性均高于私人资本。Granger因果检验表明,人均产出分别是人均公共资本存量、人均私人资本存量的Granger原因,人均私人资本存量是人均公共资本存量Granger因,反方向因果关系不成立。为了增强公共投资的产出效应,应该适度改善目前的投资结构,积极诱导和鼓励私人部门在具有产出增长点的项目上进行投资,宏观调控政策在刺激国内有效需求的同时,应加强供给管理并提高供给质量。     

公共资本、税收与长期经济增长

基于两部门增长模型,通过参数化和数值模拟估算了我国税收政策的宏观经济效应及公共资本拥挤性、资本利用效率和外部性对税收政策效应的影响。研究表明,降低资本所得税更有利于经济增长和福利水平改善;基于福利最大化视角,应对劳动进行补贴,对资本减税;公共资本拥挤性强化了资本所得税的减税效应,但不利于福利水平改善,对劳动所得税减税效应影响不大;公共部门资本生产效率和公共资本外部性对减税政策效应具有非对称性影响。     

蓝色经济区碳排放对经济增长的阈值协整效应

构建了碳排放与经济增长及其相关影响因素的阈值协整模型,利用完全修正的最小二乘法对该模型进行估计。得出如下主要结论:碳排放随着经济增长周期的发展表现出非线性变化特征;蓝色经济区的碳排放对经济增长的阈值协整效应发生在人均GDP增长率为9.54%和13.46%之处;从产业结构和能源使用效率对碳排放的阈值效应可看出蓝色经济区正在走产业升级和转型之路,因此需要注重培育高新产业发展环境。     

公共债务规模与经济增长关系的经验研究

本文选取来自IMF的世界经济展望数据库(WEO)中G20集团全部国家及地区在2001—2016年的实际人均GDP增长率、 国家财政赤字或盈余率和公债规模占GDP比率三个变量,对其做平稳性检验、 协整检验以及Granger因果检验,其结果显示公共债务与经济增长双向互为Granger原因,更重要的是二者的这一因果关系主要表现在长期经济发展中.同时,本文对20个国家资本形成总额、 实际人均GDP、 公共债务负担率、实际人均GDP增长率、人口增长率、 私营部门信贷总额占GDP的比率、 老年人抚养比率、 城市人口占总人口的比率以及资本形成额占GDP的比率等变量对经济增长的影响进行横截面及面板回归,结果显示公共债务规模对经济增长存在负效应.     

政府公共资本投资的长期经济增长效应

本文首先建立一个包含政府公共资本投资的两部门内生增长模型,并把公共资本投资分为政府物质资本投资和人力资本投资,从而对公共资本投资的长期经济增长效应进行理论分析。结论是,两种形式的公共资本投资对长期经济增长都可能具有正效应也可能具有负效应,取决于民间经济主体消费跨时替代弹性大小。其次,我们利用向量自回归分析框架,对我国1978—2004年间公共资本投资对长期经济增长的影响作实证分析。结论是,我国两种形式的公共资本投资与经济增长之间存在着长期均衡关系,其中政府公共物质资本投资对长期经济增长的正影响更为显著,而政府公共人力资本投资对长期经济增长的正影响较小,且在短期内不利于经济增长。这一结论对我国今后科学制定财政政策和选择公共投资领域都具有重要意义。     

基于证券投资的资本流动与经济增长：理论与实证

资本流动的经济效应是金融自由化进程中争论的焦点之一。本文概述了资本流动与经济增长关系的最新研究进展。在国际收支框架内,利用证券投资项下的资本流动的1991—2007年的季度时间序列数据,发现我国证券投资项下资本流动与经济增长具有较高相关关系和双向因果关系。采用四种不同的资本流动口径对人均GDP进行协整分析,结果表明,证券投资项下的资本流量与长期经济增长呈显著正相关,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

中国公共支出的规模与结构及其增长效应

中国公共支出的规模与结构在改革以来的时序变化特征与工业化国家明显不同。本文基于协整分析方法,对中国公共支出相关变量的长期增长效应进行分析。研究发现,实际经济增长率与公共支出的GDP占比呈反向变动关系,这显示中国公共支出政策的适应性性质;政府经济建设性支出比重增加会提高GDP增长率,而文教费和维持性支出比重与GDP增长率之间有着负的双向因果关系,这体现中国经济的粗放型增长特征。研究结果还显示,地方政府支出比重提高,经济增长率会上升,这说明通过规范化的政府间转移支付可以改善欠发达地区的公共基础设施,从而有利于中国的长期经济增长。     

On the interaction between public and private capital in economic growth

This paper introduces two forms of interaction between private and public capital in an endogenous growth model in which productive government expenditure takes the form of a stock-variable and public capital is used in part as an input in the production of final output and in part to increase its own supply. While the first form of interaction involves the stocks of the two capital-goods and takes place within the final output sector through the specification of the aggregate production function (Cobb?CDouglas vs. CES), the second one concerns the rates of investment in the two kinds of capital. The share of productive public expenditure devoted to output production can be either exogenous or endogenous. Our results suggest that when this share is exogenous, along the balanced growth path the optimal growth rate of the economy is a positive function of the degree of complementarity between the two forms of investment. When the share of productive public expenditure devoted to output production is endogenous, the public capital share in GDP becomes, along with the model??s preference parameters, an important determinant of the economy??s long run growth. We also find that the optimal growth rate is an increasing function of the elasticity of substitution between public and private capital inputs in goods production, and is independent of the complementarity/substitutability between the two forms of investment.     

Unilateral capital transfers, public investment, and economic growth

We contrast the effects of a transfer tied to investment in public infrastructure from a traditional pure transfer. The latter has no growth or dynamic consequences; it is always welfare improving, the gains increasing with the stock of government debt and the benefits of debt reduction. A tied transfer generates dynamic adjustments, as public capital is accumulated in the recipient economy. Its long-run growth and welfare effects depend upon the initial stock of infrastructure, as well as co-financing arrangements. These contrasts also apply to temporary transfers, particularly the transitional dynamics. A temporary pure transfer has only modest short-run growth effects and leads to a permanent deterioration of the current account, while a productive transfer has significant impacts on short-run growth, leading to permanent improvements in key economic variables including the current account.     

An empirical characterization of the effects of public debt on economic growth

Based on a data set of 115 economies, this article empirically investigates the relation between public debt and economic growth. Using the World Bank’s classification for income groups, we initially find that those countries that present the lowest public debt are characterized by the highest economic growth, while the smallest growth rates are associated with the highest public debt. Nevertheless, this conclusion is tempered when we analyse the countries by income level: low-income countries have a different behaviour with respect to lower-middle, upper-middle and high-income countries. When using the IMF’s country classification, the results do not suggest a clear pattern in the public debt–economic growth nexus across different countries, but indicate a heterogeneous relationship between such key macroeconomic variables.     

Short-run and long-run effects of capital taxation on innovation and economic growth

In this study, we examine the effects of capital taxation on innovation and economic growth in an R&D-based growth model. We find that capital taxation has drastically different effects in the short run and in the long run. An increase in the capital income tax rate has both a consumption effect and a tax-shifting effect on the equilibrium growth rates of technology and output. In the short run, the consumption effect dominates the tax-shifting effect causing an initial negative effect of capital taxation on the equilibrium growth rates. However, in the long run, the tax-shifting effect becomes the dominant force yielding an overall positive effect of capital taxation on steady-state economic growth. These contrasting effects of capital taxation at different time horizons may provide a theoretical explanation for the mixed evidence in the empirical literature on capital taxation and economic growth.     

The interactive effects of human capital and quality of life on economic growth

To bridge the gap in the quality of life (QOL) and economic growth literature and understand the reinforcing effects of QOL and human capital on economic development, we examine the interactive effects of these two factors on wage growth from 2000 to 2007 at the county level across the United States. First, a Rosen–Roback model is employed to estimate implicit values of amenities including climate, clean air and other natural attributes, which are used to generate QOL indices. Second, QOL, human capital represented by the share of college graduates, and their interaction serve as key variables in the wage growth model. An instrumental variable approach and location fixed effects are used to address endogeneity of human capital and control for location-specific unobservable characteristics. Results suggest that human capital and QOL significantly contribute to economic growth and the growth effects are even larger in nonmetropolitan counties. Importantly, we find that the effect of human capital on growth is larger in high-QOL counties and QOL enhances the effect of human capital on growth. Our results provide empirical support for community development strategies through providing utility-enhancing amenities that improve QOL and retain human capital.     

On the optimality of public capital for long-run economic growth: evidence from panel data

The role of public capital in economic growth is examined using data from the Penn World Tables and other sources on a large number of countries. Drawing on intertemporal optimization, the theoretical framework nests the exogenous (Solow) and endogenous types of growth and is data-consistent. It is found that public capital makes a significant contribution to growth. The actual level of investment on public capital is suboptimal. Growth in recent decades can be characterized as ‘endogenous’ with little sign of convergence. There is evidence of a growth slow-down between the 1970s and 1980s. Human capital also significantly enhances growth.     

Heterogeneous capital, economic growth, and economic development

This paper asks how much does physical capital contribute to economic growth. It postulates that capital is heterogeneous because of embodied progress, and it structures the inquiry to account for differences in economic development. Embedded in data that cover 120 nations over 41 years are 35 derived capital stock series, whose characteristics include average ages stratified by development state. Growth accountancy proceeds by regression analysis cast in a production function context and repeated for each capital type. Those results help to establish the growth contributions of labor quantity and quality and capital quantity and quality. They also bear on neoclassical convergence.     

人力资本结构对经济增长贡献率的实证分析

建立人力资本结构对经济增长贡献率的计量模型,采用相关数据对该模型进行实证分析。结果表明：中等教育对我国经济增长的贡献率较高,高等教育相对较小。因此,建立模型分析不同受教育年限的人力资本对经济增长的贡献率就非常具有现实意义。     

Human capital and economic growth in Spanish regions

Modern economic growth theory has emphasized on the human capital effects on economic growth. In this case, the externalities from a better education could enhance economic growth process and facilitate the progress in different regional areas. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of human capital on economic growth process by taking into account the case of Spanish regions. The authors examine whether a better education process and social capital can improve the economic growth process in such area and if it can explain the differences in per capita GDP existing in those regions. The paper uses data from Spanish Statistical Institute and from different institutes of the European Union. The Castilla La Mancha Regional Government has provided financial support for the Project PDI-02-025.