1998年以来财政政策和财政制度的重大变化

决策层于1998年为抵御亚洲金融危机的冲击而采取增加政府投资、扩大内需方针。积极财政政策对中国经济持续增长发挥了明显的促进作用。在国民经济运行明显走过了从相对低迷阶段向繁荣高涨阶段的拐点之后，中国的财政政策又不失时机地实现了从扩张性的积极财政政策向中性导向的稳健财政政策的转型，并开始了公共财政制度建设。     

财政、货币政策的有效性与汇率制度的选择

近些年来，政府以积极的财政、货币政策为中心，通过采取诸如增发国债、降低利率等措施，对促进我国国民经济的平稳复苏与持续增长起到了促进作用。然而，由于我国目前仍实行相对僵硬的汇率制度，也从相当程度上影响了扩张性财政、货币政策的经济效应。本文运用开放经济下的蒙代尔—弗莱明模型，通过对不同汇率制度下财政、货币政策有效性的比较分析，提出了我国应实行更加灵活宽松汇率制度的基本设想。 一、不同汇率制度下财政、货币政策的有效性 　　要分析不同汇率制度下财政、货币政策的有效性，需要以蒙代尔—弗莱明模型作为研究的…     

完善我国财政货币政策操作的建议

2003年以来,在经济运行出现转折的关键时刻,财政、货币政策都做出了相应调整。政策调整的取向和政策搭配,基本契合经济周期不同发展阶段稳定经济运行的内在要求,体现了财政、货币政策各自的特点。今后一段时期,是我国从中等收入国家向高收入国家跨越的关键时期,也是全面改革向纵深发展的关键时期,经济运行环境复杂多变,宏观调控面临巨大挑战。应从五方面着手,完善财政、货币政策操作:综合利用多方面经济信息,实施区间管理;提高货币政策独立性,提高货币政策灵活性;建立统一全面的预算制度,消除内在不一致性;加强财政政策、货币政策以及其他政策间的协调;提高政策设计水平,提高政策实施效果。     

我国财政货币政策的协调配合分析

财政政策和货币政策是宏观经济调控中常用的两大手段．它们合理的协调配合对于调节一国经济发展有着重要意义。文章在分析我国财政货币政策搭配的理论基础之上,结合二者协调配合的现状及存在的问题,对如何进一步提高两者搭配效果做了一些探讨。     

我国财政与货币政策有效性研究

财政与货币政策历来是国家调控宏观经济运行的两种主要手段,一国政府往往通过自己的财政与货币政策来影响宏观经济的运行,实现经济目标。对于这两种政策的有效性,也一直是经济学家们关注的焦点。本文利用回归方程和格兰杰因果检验的方法对这两种政策的有效性进行了一些定量分析,希望能从中找出有益的结论,为政府部门制定政策和学者们进行研究提供参考。     

财政货币政策配合与农业可持续发展

农业可持续发展是国民经济可持续发展的重要组成部分。要实现农业的可持续发展其根本途径在于实现农业经济增长方式的转变。财政货币政策要促进农业经济增长方式的转变,实现农业可持续发展,必须完善财政金融与农业运行机制,建立财政金融与农业发展的良性循环关系。论文旨在研究农业经济增长方式与农业可持续发展的关系,农业可持续发展中的财政货币政策配合模式及财政货币政策的配合运用     

货币政策与财政政策的“新共识”

20世纪90年代以来,宏观经济政策领域出现了一种"新共识",近年来得到进一步发展。在"新共识"宏观经济模型中,货币存量不起作用,但货币政策被赋予非常重要的作用,货币政策可以决定通货膨胀;货币政策采用盯住通货膨胀的方式,通过调节利率将通货膨胀控制在一个较低的水平。财政政策在管理总需求水平方面仍然是一个强有力的工具,"新共识"宏观经济学体现了"货币主义与财政主义的综合"。     

Some Fiscal Implications of Monetary Policy

We study the implications of alternative monetary targeting procedures for real interest rates and economic activity. We find that countercyclical monetary policy rules lead to higher real interest rates, higher average tax rates, lower output but lower variability of tax rates and consumption relative to procyclical rules. For a country with a high level of public debt (e.g. Italy), the adoption of a countercyclical procedure such as interest rate pegging may conceivably raise public debt servicing costs by more than half a percentage point of GNP. Our analysis suggests that the current debate on the targeting procedures of the European Central Bank ought to be broadened to include a discussion of the fiscal implications of monetary policy.     

Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy and the Exchange Rate

Domestic fiscal and monetary policy settings can influence the strength of the Australia dollar in a number of different ways.     

Interactions between Monetary and Fiscal Policy Rules

The Fiscal Stability Pact for EMU implies that constraints on fiscal policy facilitate inflation control. In this paper we identify two stable policy regimes. When monetary policy seeks to raise real interest rates in response to excess inflation, a self-stabilising fiscal policy is required to ensure model stability. A fiscal policy which does not, by itself, ensure fiscal solvency constrains monetary policy to be relatively 'passive'. However, in simulations we conclude that the central bank does not need to seek, on this account, the degree of debt stabilisation that appears to be implied by the fiscal stability pact.     

On the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy and of Fiscal Policy

There has been a major shift within macroeconomic policy over the past two decades or so in terms of the relative importance given to monetary policy and to fiscal policy in both policy and theoretical terms. The former has gained considerably in importance, with the latter being rarely mentioned. Furthermore, the nature of monetary policy has shifted away from any attempt to control some monetary aggregate (prevalent in the first half of the 1980s), and instead monetary policy has focused on the setting of interest rates as the key policy instrument. There has also been a general shift towards the adoption of inflation targets and the use of monetary policy to target inflation. This paper considers the significance of this shift in the nature of monetary policy. This enables us to question the effectiveness of monetary policy, and to explore the role of fiscal policy. We examine these questions from the point of view of the "new consensus" in monetary economics and suggest that it is rather limited in its analysis. When the analysis is broadened out to embrace empirical issues and evidence the clear conclusion emerges that monetary policy is relatively impotent. The role of fiscal policy is also considered, and we argue that fiscal policy (under specified conditions) remains a powerful tool for macroeconomic policy. This is particularly an apt conclusion under current economic conditions.     

货币政策与贸易不平衡的调整

本文建立了一个开放小国随机动态一般均衡模型,研究不同的货币政策和汇率政策对调整贸易不平衡的作用,同时考虑了资本开放与否对不同政策效果的影响。分析发现,由于名义粘性的作用,无论资本开放与否,调整价格都无法快速实现贸易平衡,并会引起产出和物价的较大波动。而较快的汇率调整政策会较快实现贸易平衡,且无论资本开放与否,都不会引起经济波动。从福利角度比较,较快的汇率调整总是优于价格调整,且在资本开放环境下的调整总是优于资本封闭下的调整。通过中国数据校准和模拟发现,在渐进调整汇率的政策下,价格水平被迫作出调整可能是带来2005年人民币汇率改革之后经济波动的原因。     

Monetary and Fiscal Policy Rules in the EMU

Abstract. This paper studies the design and effects of monetary and fiscal policy in the euro area. To do so, a stylized two‐region model of monetary and fiscal policy rules in the EMU is built. We analyse how monetary and fiscal rules affect the adjustment dynamics in the model. Both the effects on the individual countries and on the EMU aggregate economy are studied. Three aspects play an important role in the analysis: (i) the consequences of alternative monetary and fiscal policy rules, (ii) the consequences of asymmetries between EMU countries (asymmetries in macroeconomic shocks and macroeconomic structures), and (iii) the role of alternative degrees of backward‐ and forward‐looking behaviour in consumer decisions and inflation expectations.     

最优财政和货币政策及其福利效应分析

本文建立了财政和货币政策协作的最优政策模型,并以中国经济为研究对象,以福利效应为最优政策的评估标准,研究了财政和货币政策协作的最优政策机制。分析表明:在Ramsey最优均衡下,财政和货币政策共同作用于通货膨胀和产出目标,以严格通货膨胀为目标的最优货币规则会使得政策的福利损失最小,但货币政策在产出目标、通货膨胀目标以及政策福利损失三者上不能同时兼顾;最优财政规则是趋向缩小收支差,从而趋近于福利损失最小。本文同时使用贝叶斯分析,对中国经济政策2005年第一季度至2009年第二季度的福利效应进行了评估,实证分析表明:样本期间政策的无条件福利损失处于波动状态,经济增长增加了家庭部门的条件福利损失,即经济增长导致跨期消费成本增加。     

宏观调控的有效性与货币政策作用

宏观调控应该瞄准常态增长率。由于劳动力市场可以在较长时期内处于低工资水平，所以中国可以创造出较高的经济增长率。货币政策除了具有通货膨胀效应之处，还具有产出效应，从而使得货币政策能够发挥宏观调控的巨大作用，有利于经济的高速增长和城市化的加速发展。     

我国继续实施积极财政政策的对策调整

从当前的宏观经济形势看,要实现“十五”计划提出的社会经济发展目标,我国在今后一个时期仍将实施积极财政政策,但我国当前的经济运行情况与三年前相比已发生很大变化。积极财政政策的实施对策理应有所调整,在积极财政政策的着眼点上应逐步由扩大需求为主向改善供给为主转变;在积极财政政策对策理应有所调整,在积极财政政策的着眼点上应逐步由扩大需求为主向改善供给为主转变;在积极财政政策的运用方式上应由增加政府投资为主逐步向启动企业投资为主转变;在继续实施运用积极财政政策的同时,要注意降低财政风险。