农村劳动力流动的人力资本障碍——解释农村劳动力流动与收入差距同时扩大的悖论

随着信息经济的迅猛发展,发展中国家明显存在三元经济结构.与二元经济条件下的劳动力流动的条件不同,人力资本起决定作用.本文从三元经济模型中劳动力无限供给出发,在理论上探讨我国农村剩余劳动力无限供给条件下,农村劳动力的流动促进了我国城市化发展.但由于人力资本障碍等原因,造成我国城乡收入差距进一步扩大.在此基础上提出缩小我国城乡收入差距的对策.     

技术进步、工资差距与人力资本形成

本文在劳动力异质的假设下通过建立一个二元经济模型分析发展中国家技术进步与收入差距的关系,结果显示技术进步主要通过直接和间接两种途径影响收入差距:其一,通过提高相应劳动力的劳动效率,提高其工资;其二,通过收入差距的扩大,吸引劳动力进行人力资本投资,从而劳动效率的提高,影响其收入.并得也结论,不同类型的技术进步对收入差距的影响存在较大差异,而这种差异在某种程度上影响人力资本投资,因此,在城乡转化的过程中,要缩小收入差距必须选择适当的技术进步,而且还要结合长期经济发展注意保持相应的收入差别.     

农村劳动力流动的人力资本障碍——解释农村劳动力流动与收入差距同时扩大的悖论

随着信息经济的迅猛发展,发展中国家明显存在三元经济结构。与二元经济条件下的劳动力流动的条件不同,人力资本起决定作用。本文从三元经济模型中劳动力无限供给出发,在理论上探讨我国农村剩余劳动力无限供给条件下,农村劳动力的流动促进了我国城市化发展。但由于人力资本障碍等原因,造成我国城乡收入差距进一步扩大。在此基础上提出缩小我国城乡收入差距的对策。     

人力资本需求与工资差距:技术、贸易和收入的影响

人力资本水平的提高和技术贸易的发展都会促进人力资本密集型技术的进步,进而增加对高等人力资本水平劳动力的需求,从而扩大了工资差距。在商品贸易中,制成品出口比例的增加会改变我国的产品结构,使高等人力资本密集型产品的生产增加。同时,居民收入水平的提高带来了消费升级,也促进了高等人力资本密集型产品的生产。高等人力资本密集型产品的生产引起了对高等人力资本水平劳动力需求的增加,扩大了工资差距。     

雾霾污染对收入差距影响的再检验——基于工具变量法

随着经济的发展,空气污染带来的问题逐渐凸显,这会阻碍经济发展,例如扩大收入差距等。空气污染与收入差距之间互为因果的关系会带来内生性问题,但现存有关空气污染与收入差距的研究较少关注其内生性,这可能造成估计结果的偏误。因此本文基于中国2000-2016年地级市PM2.5面板数据,选择较能反映中国收入差距的城乡收入比作为被解释变量,以逆温作为工具变量,对雾霾影响城乡收入差距的作用进行了再检验,并进一步使用中国居民家庭收入调查的个体数据,从健康人力资本角度分析雾霾对城乡收入差距的作用机制。结果显示,雾霾显著地造成了城乡收入差距的扩大,其中城镇居民健康人力资本受雾霾负向影响的程度显著低于农村居民,同时城镇居民健康人力资本对收入影响作用也明显低于农村居民,从而进一步造成了城乡收入差距的扩大。基于以上研究,同时考虑到收入差距会阻碍发展中国家的经济增长,在发展中国家促进经济增长的进程中,必须加大雾霾的治理力度。     

农村人力资本外溢与中国城乡居民收入差距关系的实证分析

笔者采用协整检验和误差修正模型,考察了中国农村人力资本外溢对城乡居民收入差距的影响。研究表明,农村人力资本的大规模外溢引起了城乡居民收入差距的扩大,而城乡居民收入差距的扩大又会导致农村人力资本的进一步外溢;由于农村人力资本外溢,农村劳动力转移并不是缩小城乡收入差距的充分条件。要缩小城乡收入差距,必须采取有效措施,为农村人力资本作用的充分发挥创造条件。     

人力资本需求与工资差距:技术、贸易和收入的影响

人力资本水平的提高和技术贸易的发展都会促进人力资本密集型技术的进步,增加高等人力资本水平劳动力的需求,从而扩大了工资差距.在商品贸易中,制成品出口比例的增加会改变我国的产品需求结构,使高等人力资本密集型产品的生产增加.同时,居民收入水平的提高带来了消费升级,也促进了高等人力资本密集型产品的生产.高等人力资本密集型产品的生产引起了高等人力资本水平劳动力需求的增加,扩大了工资差距.     

地方政府财政支出结构与规模对收入分配及经济增长的影响

经济增长实际上是物质和人力资本价值实现的过程。本文采用26个省级面板的数据,探讨地方政府支出结构与规模对收入分配的影响机制,进而对地区经济增长的影响。地方政府非生产性支出对收入分配有正面影响,缩小收入分配差距。地方政府生产性支出对收入分配有负面影响,会扩大地方城乡居民收入差距。生产性支出对经济增长有显著的促进作用,非生产性支出对经济增长有一定遏制作用。另外,从三重维度上衡量,居民收入、城镇居民收入以及农村居民收入差距扩大对经济增长具有负向作用。因此,改革政府支出结构,调节政府支出规模,对我国城乡居民收入差距和经济推进具有重要作用。     

行业收入差距的原因:垄断与人力资本孰是孰非?还是兼而有之?

本文主要选取了1992-2010年的19个主要行业的相关数据,讨论了垄断、人力资本与两者的交互作用对行业收入差距的影响.分析显示近几年来,我国行业收入差距不断扩大且尚未出现下降趋势;行业垄断比人力资本对行业收入差距的影响更大;人力资本对收入差距的影响具有倒“U”型的非线性特征;垄断与人力资本存在交互作用;在垄断部门中,人力资本缩小了行业收入差距,但人力资本效应对收入的影响并没有起到较大作用.     

农村人力资本投资地区差异的结构分解

人力资本是现代经济增长的主要源泉和动力,农村地区的经济发展差距必然与人力资本投资差距有密切联系.笔者从农民个人人力资本投资的角度,采用基尼系数及其分解方法研究了中国农村人力资本投资的差距和结构,认为:我国省际间农村居民对人力资本的总体投资分布比较合理,交通及通讯投资地区差异相对较大,但有逐步缩小的趋势.     

Human capital and income inequality in India: is there a non-linear and asymmetric relationship?

The article attempts to provide empirical evidence on the relationship between human capital and income inequality in India in a non-linear and asymmetric framework. To capture both long-run and short-run asymmetries, we have employed the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag approach using the relevant data from 1970 to 2016. Findings of the article suggest that education expansion acts as a major factor in reducing prevailing high income inequality, that is an increase in average years of schooling results in more equal distribution of income. In contrast, high economic growth, inflation and trade openness create unequal distribution of income. The asymmetric causality test results indicate that there is unidirectional causality running from female human capital, economic growth and inflation to income inequality. From a policy perspective, we suggest that education expansion should be used as a powerful tool to mitigate income inequality by emphasizing the quality of education. At the same time, policies geared towards social benefits, inclusive education, training for unskilled workers and price stability should be encouraged to attain fair income distribution in India.     

Granger causality tests among openness to international trade,human capital accumulation and economic growth in China: 1952–1999

Abstract

This study examines Granger causality among openness to international trade, human capital accumulation and economic growth in China using time series data over the period from 1952 to 1999 and a sub-period, i.e. a period from 1978 to 1999. For the 1952–1999 period, economic growth is found to Granger cause human capital accumulation and not vice versa. For the 1978–1999 period, economic growth and openness to international trade, economic growth and human capital accumulation, and human capital accumulation and openness to international trade are found to have bidirectional Granger causality, respectively. Thus, there is a dynamic relationship among openness to international trade, human capital accumulation and economic growth. The experience of economic reform in China could be an example to other developing countries.     

财政分权对中国收入差距的影响——基于居民收入基尼系数的实证分析

文章在财政分权理论的框架下,利用21个省市区1995～2004年间的面板数据,实证检验了财政分权对中国收入不平等的影响。结果发现：财政分权对中国居民收入差距的整体扩大起到推动作用,但对西部地区的整体和农村的收入差距具有抑制作用;经济发展水平、人口浓度、人力资本和城市化等控制变量对收入差距也有不同的影响。     

Nonlinearity between Trade Openness and Economic Development

This paper utilizes the instrumental variable threshold regressions approach to reassess the trade–development link. It finds evidence that trade openness contributes to uneven development. Greater trade openness tends to have beneficial effects on real development of high‐income countries. For low‐income ones, however, trade openness appears to influence real income in a significant and negative way. The data also reveal that greater trade openness has a positive effect on capital accumulation, productivity growth, and financial development in high‐income countries, but a negative impact in low‐income ones.     

对外贸易开放、人力资本积累与企业技术创新

企业技术创新作为科技创新的核心部分,在促进经济高质量发展中的重要性日益凸显。通过构建一个包含消费部门和生产部门的两部门模型,探究对外贸易开放及其人力资本积累效应对企业技术创新的影响机制,随后基于2011-2017年中国31个省级区域的面板数据实证检验对外贸易开放、人力资本积累及二者的交互作用对企业技术创新的影响。结果显示:从整体层面来看,对外贸易开放不仅对企业技术创新产生直接影响,还会通过人力资本积累效应对企业技术创新产生间接影响;从区域异质性角度来看,贸易开放对企业技术创新产生的直接影响和间接影响存在着空间上的非均衡特征,表现为对发达的东部地区的企业影响更为明显,而对欠发达的西部和中部地区的企业影响相对较弱;从对外贸易方式来看,全样本分析表明出口贸易方式的人力资本积累效应对企业技术创新影响作用较强,而进口贸易方式的作用相对较弱。因此,应当注重不同贸易发展方式的人力资本积累效应差异及其对企业技术创新产生的影响,增强我国通过企业技术创新促进经济高质量发展的实效。     

贸易开放、人力资本与 中国区域收入空间效应* ——基于地级及以上行政区域经验数据分析

本文基于中国326个地级及以上行政区域2010-2012年的数据,利用空间杜宾增长模型（SDM）来测算贸易开放对中国区域人均收入的影响。本文测算了各个区域贸易开放和人力资本对人均收入水平的直接、间接和总影响。结果表明：一个区域的贸易开放程度越高越能促进当地经济的发展,对相邻区域的人均收入也会产生正的影响。同时笔者也发现,人力资本对中国各个区域的经济增长会产生正的直接和间接影响。     

Entrepreneurs,jobs, and trade

We propose a simple theory of endogenous firm productivity, unemployment, and top income inequality. High-talented individuals choose to become self-employed entrepreneurs and acquire more managerial (human) capital; whereas low-talented individuals become workers and face the prospect of equilibrium unemployment. In a two-country global economy, trade openness raises firm productivity, increases top income inequality, and may reduce welfare in the country exporting the good with lower relative labor-market frictions. Trade openness reduces firm productivity, lowers top income inequality, and necessarily raises welfare in the other country. The effect of trade on unemployment is ambiguous. Unilateral job-creating policies increase welfare in both countries. However, they reduce unemployment and raise top income inequality in the policy-active country; and reduce top income inequality while increasing unemployment in the policy-passive country.     

Globalization and income inequality: A panel data econometric approach for the EU27 countries

This paper investigates the relationship between income inequality and globalization, measured with both trade and financial variables. We estimate an econometric model using appropriate panel data techniques for the EU-27 countries over the period 1995–2009. The analysis is also performed at subgroups of countries within the EU27, such as the Core, Periphery, High Technology, and the New EU Member countries. Overall, the results suggest that trade openness exerts an equalizing effect, while financial globalization through FDI, capital account openness and stock market capitalization has been the driving force of inequality in the EU-27 since 1995. The highest contribution to inequality stems from FDI. Although the trade impact remained robust, disparities were observed in the financial globalization effects within a certain group or among country groups. The recent financial crisis led to a significant rise in inequality only in the EU-periphery and the New Member states. The impact from the other control variables was either minor or insignificant.     

Financial openness and capital mobility: a dynamic panel analysis

Does unrestricted control on the movement of capital increase capital mobility? Theoretically, the answer is yes. This paper uses the Feldstein–Horioka savings–investment methodology to examine the impact of financial openness on the degree of capital mobility in 104 countries. Our estimates suggest that financial openness has increased capital mobility in developing countries, while its effect is statistically insignificant in OECD countries. This also implies that a developing country with more financial openness can have more access to external capital markets for borrowings. Foreign aid also appears to supplement domestic savings for investment in developing countries. In line with the previous findings, our study also confirms that capital is more mobile for developing countries.     

Distribution of human capital and income: An empirical study on Indian States

Recently, an emphasis has been put on education as a key determinant for economic development. But when increasing the mean level of education of their population, developing countries face a trade-off: should they focus on increasing the level of already educated children or try to put more children into school and diminish illiteracy rates? In other words, should countries favor a more unequal or a more equal distribution of human capital? This paper empirically explores this question by analyzing the relation between distribution of education and income per capita with panel data from 29 Indian States. Using two different measures of the distribution of education and dealing with the high correlation between the mean education level and its distribution, this paper provides evidence that there is a negative relation between equality of education and income per capita. This result is robust to the use of the system GMM estimator. However, the relation is non-linear and depends on the level of development. This paper also gives a first insight into the channels which are at stake and shows that several mechanisms explain the impact of the distribution of education.