货币政策:“多目标”还是“单目标”——兼论通货膨胀目标制

货币政策有多目标与单目标之分,因目标之间的冲突,多目标的货币政策实际上是无效的,而单目标的货币政策可以做到目标明确。已有的例证—通货膨胀目标制被证明是相当成功的,我国应该创造条件,适时采用通货膨胀目标制,为经济发展创造良好的长期运行条件。     

Monetary Policy in Australia: An Introduction

This Policy Forum brings together three views on the conduct of monetary policy in Australia. It arose from a submission by Peter Stemp which was refereed in the normal manner for contributed papers. One referee, Stephen Grenville, was prompted to forego his anonymity and to submit a paper addressing similar issues but taking a very different approach on the objectives of monetary policy. The editors asked John Pitchford to comment on both papers. The Grenville and Pitchford papers were edited in the manner used for Policy Forum.     

多重货币政策目标下的双目标制

货币政策目标是选择多重目标还是单一目标，决定于一国政治，经济与金融体制，根据我国政策，经济与金融体制及当前面临的经济形势与任务，我国货币政策目标应该是多重目标，其中主要是仙值稳定与经济增长。为了保证货币政策目标的实现，应该对币值稳定，经济增长两大目标加以量化，实施通货膨胀率，经济增长率双目标制。     

Asymmetric Monetary Policy in Australia*

We find evidence for asymmetric behaviour in Australian monetary policy. During 1984–1990, the Reserve Bank of Australia acted with considerable discretion yielding poor performance of an interest rate rule. However, it behaved asymmetrically to inflation and the output gap in downturns and upturns. On embracing inflation targeting from 1991, it enhanced its credibility by anchoring inflation expectations. Not only did its actions become more predictable in 1991–2002, it responded asymmetrically only to output, switching to act more acutely in downturns. Although its asymmetric behaviour could result from asymmetric preferences or non‐linear aggregate supply, our results support the former explanation.     

我国双目标基础货币规则的设定

通过VEC模型研究发现,我国基础货币增长率、实际GDP增长率、CPI、货币流通速度之间具有趋势特征,存在显著相关性,基础货币的可控性与可测性良好且流通速度较为稳定;基础货币对实际GDP增长率偏差的反应程度要高于通货膨胀率偏差,需在规则设定中赋予更大的权重;能实现经济增长和物价稳定双重目标的基础货币规则,其目标值的设定可以是点或是区间,而区间目标既能体现规则的严肃性又能实现操作的灵活性,还能满足货币政策逆风向调节的本质特征。     

Foreign Exchange Intervention and Monetary Policy: A Tale of Two Agencies with Conflicting Objectives

In several industrial countries, the government is responsible for foreign exchange intervention while the central bank is given operational independence in conducting domestic monetary policy. We model the interaction between the two agencies when their views differ and generate empirical implications using lattice‐theoretic techniques. Japanese data from 2001–2004 support the model's predictions with respect to central bank behavior. The evidence is less conclusive as to whether the massive intervention of 2001–2004 by the Ministry of Finance caused the Bank of Japan to raise the monetary target.     

通货膨胀预期管理的有效性——价格型货币政策工具与数量型货币政策工具比较

本文构建了动态分布滞后模型,研究了不同货币政策工具对通胀预期的影响。结果发现,价格型货币工具对通胀预期有着较为显著的影响,而数量型货币工具则不显著;在短期内,价格型工具比数量型工具更能有效控制通胀预期。因此,中央银行应有针对性的搭配使用不同货币政策工具,提高政策的前瞻性和可信性,实现对通胀预期的有效引导和调控。     

我国货币政策与人民币汇率的互动关系研究

基于SVAR模型研究我国货币政策与人民币汇率的相互作用关系,发现我国货币政策对汇率冲击的反应具有逆经济风向的操作特征,汇率升值,货币政策扩张;而人民币汇率对货币政策冲击的反应也符合经济理论,货币政策扩张会引起人民币汇率贬值。同时,在货币供应量作为货币政策变量时,汇率水平的反应表现为经典的超调现象,但在名义利率作为货币政策变量时,汇率的反应曲线则表现为延迟的超调现象。总体上,我国货币政策对人民币汇率变动非常敏感,相反人民币汇率对货币政策的反应相对较弱。     

Interactions between Monetary and Fiscal Policy Rules

The Fiscal Stability Pact for EMU implies that constraints on fiscal policy facilitate inflation control. In this paper we identify two stable policy regimes. When monetary policy seeks to raise real interest rates in response to excess inflation, a self-stabilising fiscal policy is required to ensure model stability. A fiscal policy which does not, by itself, ensure fiscal solvency constrains monetary policy to be relatively 'passive'. However, in simulations we conclude that the central bank does not need to seek, on this account, the degree of debt stabilisation that appears to be implied by the fiscal stability pact.     

Is the Lending Channel of Monetary Policy Dominant in Australia?

The transmission process of monetary policy is a longstanding macroeconomic issue. The lending view is that a monetary tightening affects aggregate demand by shifting the supply schedule of bank loans left. The contraction of bank loans does not necessarily mean a shift of the supply schedule. Therefore, testing the lending view requires the identification of the shifts of the demand and supply schedules in the bank loan market. This paper employs an original approach, finding that the lending channel is not dominant in Australia. The paper also examines features of Australian banks' behaviour which make the lending channel less dominant.     

货币市场与货币政策

一国货币市场的建设不能仅仅依赖一、二个子市场,而应该货币市场建成一个子市场多元化的体系,各个子市场之间相互关联、形成统一体。只有这样,中央银行才能在货币上配套利用不同的信用工具实现货币市场的功能,贯彻货币政策的宗旨,体现货币政策的取向。本将在研究货币市场发展的基础上,分析货币市场与货币政策之间的关系。     

财政政策与货币政策的配合同社会经济发展的关系

财政政策与货币政策由于在终极目标上具有一致性,同属国家的需求管理政策,因此可以根据宏观经济调控的要求,进行合宜的搭配组合。本文在回顾改革开放以来我国财政政策与货币政策配合的四个阶段,并总结政策组合与经济社会发展关系的经验启示的基础上,根据“十一五”新时期的时代背景要求,分析了如何实施稳健财政政策和稳健货币政策、“双稳健”财政政策与货币政策的协调配合等问题,以保持经济平稳较快发展。     

The Discursive Dilemma in Monetary Policy

The discursive dilemma implies that the decision of a board depends on whether the board votes directly on the decision (conclusion‐based procedure) or votes on the premises for the decision (premise‐based procedure). We derive results showing when the discursive dilemma might occur. Under majority voting, a discursive dilemma can occur either (i) if the relationship between the premise and the decision is non‐monotonic, or (ii) if the board members have different judgments on at least two of the premises. Normatively, a premise‐based procedure tends to give better decisions when there is disagreement on parameters of the model.