The Relation between Stock Market Movements and NYSE Seat Prices

Exchange seat prices are widely reported and followed as measures of market sentiment. This paper analyzes the information content of NYSE seat prices using: (1) annual seat prices from 1869 to 1998, and (2) the complete record of trades, bids and offers for the seat market from 1973 to 1994. Seat market volumes have predictive power regarding future stock market returns, consistent with a model where seat market activity is a proxy for unobserved factors affecting expected returns. We find abnormally large price movements in seats prior to October 1987, consistent with the hypothesis that seat prices capture market sentiment.     

The Total Cost of Transactions on the NYSE

This paper develops a measure of execution costs (market impact) of transactions on the NYSE. The measure is the volume-weighted average price over the trading day. It yields results that are less biased than measures that use single prices, such as closes. The paper then applies this measure to a data set containing more than 14,000 actual trades. We show that total transaction costs, commission plus market impact costs, average twenty-three basis points of principal value for our sample. Commission costs, averaging eighteen basis points, are considerably higher than execution costs, which average five basis points. They vary slightly across brokers and significantly across money managers. Though brokers do not incur consistently high or low transaction costs, money managers experience persistently high or lost costs. Finally, the paper explores the possible tradeoff between commission expenditures and market impact costs. Paying higher commissions does not yield commensurately lower execution costs, even after adjusting for trade difficulty. We cannot determine whether other valuable brokerage services are being purchased with higher commission payments or whether some money managers really are inefficient consumers of brokerage trading services.     

The Market Reaction to Canceled Equity Offerings

Investors appear to respond to both an investment-opportunity signal and a valuation signal when an equity offering is announced or canceled. While prices fall in response to equity offers and rise when offers are withdrawn, the price changes are greater for offers used to reduce debt than for offers used for capital expenditures. Consistent with asymmetry theory, offerings and withdrawals of convertible debt and utility stock cause less price change when compared to industrial stock offers. Finally, the reaction to cancellations made because of market conditions, indicating undervaluation, are similar to the reaction to cancellations made for other reasons.     

The Market Reaction to Discontinuing Regular Stock Dividends

This paper investigates the behavior of returns to share-holders of NYSE and AMEX firms that publicly announce the discontinuance of regular stock dividends. Using event-type methodology, the results show that the average abnormal return for NYSE and AMEX firms is negative but not statistically significant on the event date. Partitioning the sample by stock-related characteristics shows that for small firms with low stock prices and low institutional ownership, management's decision to drop regular stock dividends conveys a significantly negative signal, which, in turn, causes stock prices to decline. Firms that drop a stock payment and simultaneously initiate or increase cash dividends experience a significant increase in shareholder wealth. However, firms that drop the stock dividend policy and do not begin a cash dividend policy experience a sharp decline in shareholder wealth.     

The Impact of Public Information on the Stock Market

We study the relation between the number of news announcements reported daily by Dow Jones & Company and aggregate measures of securities market activity including trading volume and market returns. We find that the number of Dow Jones announcements and market activity are directly related and that the results are robust to the addition of factors previously found to influence financial markets such as day-of-the-week dummy variables, news importance as proxied by large New York Times headlines and major macroeconomic announcements, and noninformation sources of market activity as measured by dividend capture and triple witching trading. However, the observed relation between news and market activity is not particularly strong and the patterns in news announcements do not explain the day-of-the-week seasonalities in market activity. Our analysis of the Dow Jones database confirms the difficulty of linking volume and volatility to observed measures of information.     

A Note on the Stock Market Reaction to Dividend Announcements

In this paper, we examine the stock market reaction to dividend announcements. A sample of dividend increases and decreases is partitioned by payout ratio increases and decreases. Previous research has examined the differential reaction to payout ratio increases and decreases only for dividend increases. In addition to an event study, cross-sectional regressions are estimated using the percent changes in payout ratio and dividend to explain abnormal returns. We conclude that payout ratio changes appear to be only an artifact of an earnings stream that is more variable than the dividend stream, rather than revealing any significant shifts in managerial policy.     

论股票价格对公司价值的反作用及其市场影响

尽管传统理论一直认为股票价格是公司价值的真实反映,并围绕公司价值的变化而上下波动。但在虚拟经济日益庞大的今天,一个明显的事实是：就个别公司而方,股票价格对公司价值有着重要的反作用,并在一定程度上影响公司的经营决策和市场行为。当这种反作用大于公司价值对股票价格的决定作用时,更多的公司将选择通过正当或不正当但可利用的手段,以操纵股价来增加自身的净资产、现金流量或其他种种资本利益,从主客观两个方面刺激股市泡沫的产生与放大,使虚拟经济过度膨胀并危害体经济的稳健运行。     

Aggregate Market Reaction to Earnings Announcements

This analysis identifies a distinct immediate announcement period negative relation between earnings announcement surprises and aggregate market returns. Such a relation implies that market participants use earnings information in forming expectations about expected aggregate discount rates and, specifically, that good earnings news is associated with a positive shock to required returns. Consistent with this interpretation we find that Treasury bond rates and implied future inflation expectations respond directly to earnings news. We also find some evidence that the negative relation between earnings news and market return persists beyond the immediate announcement period, suggesting that market participants do not immediately fully impound these future market return implications of aggregate earnings news.     

Stock Market Reaction to the Appointment of Outside Directors

This paper examines the UK stock market's reaction to the appointment of outside (non‐executive) board members. Tests conducted using a sample of 714 appointments reported by EXTEL between 1 July, 1993 and 31 December, 1996, indicate a strong interaction between appointee characteristics and the magnitude of the agency problem: the share price reaction to outside director appointments is significantly more favourable when board ownership is low and the appointee possesses strong ex ante monitoring incentives. In contrast, the appointment of independent and manager‐affiliated outside directors does not appear to benefit shareholders on average, even in the presence of serious agency problems.     

开放式基金冲击波

2001年9月11日注定是一个不平凡的日子!这一天,号称固若金汤的美国遭遇了恐怖分子的重创,世贸中心的两座摩天大厦顷刻间便被夷为平地,数千经济精英灰飞烟灭……然而,对于中国来说,更让我们难以忘怀的,是这个日子成了中国金融市场上的一座重要的里程碑!在这一天,中国首只开放式基金--华安创新基金正式上市销售,从而给中国证券市场带来了强有力的冲击波……     

业绩归因的自利性披露及市场反应研究——汇率单边升值情境下的纺织业表现

本文以人民币持续单边升值为研究背景,考察不利环境中纺织业企业的业绩归因信息披露质量。我们试图研究递进的两个问题。一是,上市公司在非财务信息披露过程中,是否存在对业绩归因的自利性操纵行为?二是,自利性业绩归因信息披露之后,投资者决策是否被误导,股价是否能够向着公司所期望的方向改变?     

The Impact of Bid-Ask Prices on Market Anomalies

A substantial body of literature on security market anomalies has evolved since the articulation of the efficient markets hypothesis. These anomalies include the size, January, and weekend effects. The evidence of such anomalies has been based upon returns computed from closing prices. Although readily available, analysis of closing prices may not reflect returns obtainable by public traders utilizing market orders to execute trades. We have demonstrated elsewhere that returns computed from closing prices are biased upward compared with returns that would have resulted from using market orders. This study reexamines the evidence on two market anomalies using returns generated in a manner more consistent with the actual returns available to actual market participants.     

The Role of Default Risk in Determining the Market Reaction to Debt Announcements

The stock price reaction to straight debt announcements is examined by differentiating firms on the basis of any subsequent change in their overall default risk. Results indicate that firms that will within six months of straight debt announcements undergo debt rating downgrades experience significant negative abnormal stock returns at the time of the new debt announcements, while firms with bond ratings that are later upgraded exhibit significant positive abnormal returns. Multiple regression analysis shows these results to be robust to the influence of filing size, tax shield effects, relative pre-announcement long-term debt levels, and subordination effects.     

The Impact of the European Union Insurance Directives on Insurance Company Stocks

This article examines the impact of the passage of the Second and Third Life and Non‐Life European Insurance Directives on insurance firms located in 14 European Union countries, Norway, and Switzerland. The third directives have a wealth effect on the European insurance market, while the second directives do not. The Third Life Directive resulted in a wealth increase for the European insurance market, while the Third Non‐Life Directive had a modest negative wealth effect. The wealth effects differ at both the country and firm level. The directives have differential impacts on firms depending on the firms’ characteristics and those of the market they operated in prior to the directives. Regression results indicate that the second directives have impacted firms in protected markets negatively, especially those with higher debt and higher returns on assets. At the time of the third directives, insurance firms benefited, even those in previously protected markets, indicating that firms may have positioned themselves in preparation for the liberalization of the laws.     

资产证券化对金融市场流动性的影响:文献评述

增大流动性是资产证券化的基本功能,资产证券化这项金融创新自从其诞生之初就是为了增大金融市场的流动性,但从本次次贷危机可以看出,资产证券化在有些时候还可以导致金融市场的流动性紧缩.本论文就是依照资产证券化对金融市场流动性的正面和负面影响两条主线,来梳理国内外学者有关资产证券化对金融市场流动性影响的研究文献,并对这些文献进行简短的评述.     

新《公司法》对我国注册会计师行业的影响

新《公司法》在公司法人治理结构、中小股东权益的保护、公司资本制度等方面作了重大修改,其中很多内容对我国的注册会计师行业会产生深远的影响。本文通过对新《公司法》有关调整内容的理解、总结,分析了由于理念和制度变更对注册会计师行业的影响,并进一步预测注册会计师行业可能会发生的变化。     

Managerial Compensation and the Market Reaction to Bank Loans

This article considers why a manager would choose to submithimself to the discipline of bank monitoring. This issue isanalyzed within the context of a model where the manager enjoysprivate benefits, which can be restricted by the monitor, andis optimally compensated by shareholders. Within this settingwe find that managers will submit to monitoring when they receivefavorable private information. This result is consistent withevent study evidence that suggests that the market has a favorableview of financing choices that increase monitoring.     

Prior Information and the Market Reaction to Dividend Changes

We investigate two hypotheses regarding the information content of dividend change announcements. The first is that the importance of information signaled by a dividend change depends on the reliability of earnings forecasts existing before the dividend announcement. The second hypothesis is that the stock price reaction to dividend change announcements is related to earnings forecast error as of the time of the dividend announcement. Our results reveal that dividend increases convey more information for firms in which financial analysts least accurately predict earnings. The results also indicate that dividend increase and decrease announcements provide market participants with information which, on average, allows them to differentiate between firms on the basis of future earnings realizations. These differential information effects are shown to be robust to price, size, dividend yield, and overinvestment effects.