我国农产品进口保护的经济学分析

目前我国农产品保护的主要措施是关税及关税配额。本文运用图形对这两种进口保护措施进行了经济学分析,指出在国内需求增长的情况下,配额比关税更具贸易保护作用,而且,与绝对配额相比,关税配额更能以较低的社会福利代价获取保护效应。尽管关税配额不失为一种较好的保护手段,但统计结果显示,关税配额并没有起到有效的保护作用。最后分析了在目前条件下我国对农产品进行有效保护的可行途径。     

保护消费者权益就是保护你自己

在现实的经济生活中,生产者、经营者常常有意或无意地把保护消费者权益看做是一种负担而不是受益,看做是所费而非所得;在消费者权益的保护上,则自觉或不自觉地当成份外之事,而非内生的源动力;缺乏对保护消费者权益就是保护厂家、商家自身利益的清醒认识。其实,保护消费者权益,就是保护生产者、经营者自身的利益。一、消费者利益是市场运行的最高目标市场运行中的三大主体──生产者、经营者和消费者,三者之间不同利益的结合点是市场。因为在社会再生产过程中,生产、流通和消费三者之间相互依存、相互促进、相互制约的关系,是在市…     

碳关税、出口补贴与发展中国家企业国际竞争力——基于Bertrand模型的研究

以发达国家征收碳关税为现实背景,建立一个三阶段博弈模型,重点探讨了当发达国家征收碳关税时,发展中国家出口补贴、技术研发补贴等贸易激励政策的选择及其对本国企业国际竞争力的影响。文章认为,出口补贴能够提高本国出口企业的国际竞争力,而且最优出口补贴率随着发达国家碳关税的增加而增加;当政府对国内垄断厂商研发进行补贴时,国内垄断厂商的最优研发投入、最优产量以及最大化利润等变量都随着政府研发补贴率的变动而同方向变动。     

追加配额后棉花进口对我国棉花产业的影响及规律——以华北地区为例

文章主要从棉花价格、棉农收益和棉花收购企业三方面分析追加棉花进口配额对我国棉花产业的影响,进而得出其形成的规律:配额发放两个月后,国内市场价格开始下降;追加配额的时间和数量决定价格下降幅度;滑准税率下,关税配额的管理方法更能起到保护国棉的作用.针对影响及规律,提出在WTO框架下,采取积极措施应对棉花进口对国内棉花产业造成的冲击.     

欧日EPA中日本农产品关税减让模式及对中国的启示

欧日EPA中日本为了应对欧盟农产品带来的冲击,采取了多样化的关税减让模式,对敏感农产品采用了例外处理、设立较长过渡期、非线性关税减让、设立关税配额制度、设立特殊保护机制等措施。由此使得日本农业在提升对外开放水平的同时也保护了国内市场,除了肉类、乳制品受到影响较大之外,其他敏感产品受到的影响均在可控范围之内。我国可以借鉴日本的经验,运用特殊措施管理敏感型农产品、设立多样化的关税减让模式、设定关税配额管理机制及增设关税外配套措施来推进农业关税减让谈判。     

利益偏好对中国工业贸易条件的影响

本文在分析一国利益偏好对贸易条件影响机制的基础上,利用2002-2011年中国各工业行业的面板数据,从政治经济学视角探究中国贸易条件恶化的影响及原因。结果表明"国家战略主义"是我国工业行业贸易条件恶化的首要原因,对生产者利益的偏好大于对消费者利益的偏好是我国工业行业贸易条件恶化的重要原因;代表国家战略利益的利税贡献、影响力系数,代表生产者利益的国企利润、关税税率是解释中国工业贸易条件普遍恶化的显著变量。     

SPS协议与我国动植物卫生检疫

关税与贸易总协定（GATT）在乌拉圭回合谈判期间关于农产品方面的谈判旨在降低各国保护国内市场的壁垒,其中包括关税壁垒和非关税壁垒,在达成了关税约束减让和出口补贴消减比例的同时,很多国家担心一些进口农产品的国家会利用GATT第20条第2款的一般例外条款,该条款规定,如果一项措施对保护人类、动植物和生命健康是必要的,该措施就可以被免予执行其他GATT的规定,但GATT及其他所有协议对所采取的措施的范围、方法、程度没有清楚和详细的规定,为防止一些进口成员方政府打着保护人类、动植物生命和健康的旗号,制定各种限制进口…     

美国反倾销法的贸易保护作用

<正> 美国反倾销法所宣称的目的是反对倾销,以维护公平贸易,但实际上却被公认为新贸易保护主义的工具,它与自愿出口限制、“灰色区域”、有秩序销售协定等并列在一起,成为出口商很难逾越的障碍。本文拟探讨一下美国反倾销法是如何发挥其贸易保护作用的。 一、从美国反倾销法的保护对象来看 最基本的一点,反倾销是以牺牲国内其它商品的生产者和消费者的利益为代价,保护特定商品的生产者。按照自由贸易增加世界总福利的理论,反倾销作为一种附加关税,     

日本的隐性非关税壁垒问题之探讨

按照WTO的要求与入世承诺,我国需要大幅降低关税,逐步取消货物的配额许可证管理.任何负责任的政府都不会放弃对国内产业和市场的保护,因此,我们除尽量将幼稚产业的关税削减向后推迟外,还应在WTO允许的范围内进一步运用非关税壁垒,其中隐性非关税壁垒在未来国家间贸易利益的争夺中将是必然的选择.而日本目前许多隐性的非关税壁垒或是说市场开放障碍极为隐蔽的保护着日本市场,致使日本对其大部分贸易伙伴保持着贸易顺差.本文着重考察日本对隐性非关税壁垒的运用,并为将来我国对国内产业的保护的方式方法上提供更多的选择.     

农产品价值链中市场信息不对称性问题探讨

中国农产品市场信息不对称是造成农业资源配置低效率,农产品生产波动性大,农民经济利益和消费者利益难以维护的主要原因之一,同时也导致农产品价值链上各主体难以形成利益共生体,使整个产业缺乏市场竞争力。农产品市场信息不对称的主要表现在农产品生产者与消费者之间、与政府之间、与其价值链上利益相关者之间的信息不对称,国内农产品市场与国际农产品市场的信息不对称。     

Infant industry protection with oligopoly and learning-by-doing

I use a simple two-period learning-by-doing model to examine optimal home country protection policy. In some cases, as in Dasgupta and Stiglitz (Oxford Economic Papers 40 (1988), 246–68), the home government will impose an import ban to protect the home firm from foreign competition. On the other hand, a protective tariff often provides greater welfare than when an import ban is imposed. In these cases, the first-period dynamic tariff is greater than the static Brander and Spencer ‘profit shifting tariff’. Protection in the form either of a tariff or an import ban encourages the home firm to invest in current output which reduces future costs. In addition to dynamic profit shifting, protection can bc valuable because the home firm does not consider the effect of its current learning on future consumer surplus. Tariffs can thus encourage the growth of infant industries while benefiting consumers in the future. Furthermore, the home firm can have an incentive to price below cost if the potential cost savings are sufficiently valuable.     

Ranking optimal tariffs and quotas for a large country under uncertainty

Optimal tariffs and quotas are compared for a large country under uncertainty. If the import supply schedule has constant elasticity and is subject to multiplicative uncertainty and domestic demand is random then the optimal policy is a fixed ad valorem tariff. If the supply schedule has constant elasticity but this elasticity is random then the optimal tariff is superior to the optimal quota. If the demand and supply schedules are linear then the optimal quota is superior to the optimal tariff if and only if the supply schedule is inelastic and the degree of uncertainty in the demand and supply schedules is small.     

Non‐Tariff Measures,Specific Trade Concerns and Tariff Reduction

This paper studies the determinants of the recent proliferation of Specific Trade Concerns raised at the WTO on non‐tariff trade measures (NTMs), with a focus on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBTs). Even though NTMs are imposed de jure to protect consumers from unhealthy products, they increase trade costs de facto. So, when tariff protection lowers, NTMs become effective barriers to trade and the exporting countries can complain at the dedicated committee at the WTO (STCs). Therefore, we study whether STCs are raised by exporting countries as a consequence of tariff reductions in importing countries, that is when non‐tariff measures become barriers to trade. Using a recent database on STCs over the period 1996–2010, we find empirical evidence that SPS and TBT concerns are raised by exporting country as a consequence of importer's tariff cut.     

Tariffs and quotas in the presence of foreign monopoly

The paper contrasts the effects of tariffs and quantitative restrictions in the presence of a foreign monopolistic exporter. It is shown that a tariff may induce a Lerner-type effect in the tariff-imposing country whereas a quota will necesarily have such an effect. More generally, a quota will worsen the terms of trade more than the equivalent tariff, although the foreign monopolist may not capture the entire scarcity rent produced by the quota. These results have significant implications when the relative costs of various trade barriers are evaluated.     

我国农产品进出口形势分析及对策研究

随着经济全球化和贸易一体化进程的不断深入,我国各种农产品的出口出现大幅增长的势头,但随着各种进口关税的降低及配额制和许可证的逐渐取消,我国农产品的进口也出现了显著增长。同时,发达国家利用其先进的技术,以食品健康和安全为由制定各种技术性壁垒和绿色壁垒,给我国农产品的出口造成了种种障碍。因此,认清我国农产品的进出口形势,积极采取各种应对措施,有利于我国农产品赢得更大的出口贸易。     

浅谈我国企业如何应对非关税壁垒

外国运用非关税壁垒已影响到我国企业出口和生存发展。其非关税壁垒能够直接达到限制商品进口的目的,且具有较强的隐蔽性和歧视性。企业应对非关税壁垒采取措施,构建应对非关税贸易壁垒的对策体系,进一步利用国家相关的应诉工作机制,使企业更好地规避和应对非关税壁垒。     

WTO"绿箱"政策与我国农业基础设施建设

根据乌拉圭回合达成的<农业协议>对进口农产品的关税进行了大幅度的削减,以至以往各国利用关税措施对本国农业进行保护失去了效果.而利用如进口数量限制、技术壁垒等非关税措施对本国农业进行保护容易引起贸易争端.所以只有在WTO框架下加强农业基础设施建设,才是符合农业发展的长久之计.     

Trade Intermediaries and the Tariff Pass-through

This paper aims at improving our understanding of the price effects of trade policies following two perspectives. First, we wish to study how the role of intermediaries in international trade affects the transmission of tariff changes to domestic prices. Second, we explore how our results are influenced by the degree of competition in the distribution-service market. In a Cournot oligopoly-oligopsony model, we show how the pass-through of tariff cuts to domestic prices is limited by the market power of intermediaries producing distribution services. Our long-run equilibrium is characterized by a larger number of firms selling at a higher mark-up. Market access barriers in distribution services determine to what extent tariff cuts are transferred to domestic consumers and foreign producers, affecting the size of their welfare effects. The benefits of trade liberalization policies can be better achieved if they are complemented by competition enhancing measures in the intermediation sector.     

THE CASUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES

The impact of US trade barriers and demand factors on import prices of Canadian softwood lumber is examined using time series analysis of quarterly data from 1989–2006. The results suggest that the previous quarter import price of softwood lumber, US producer price, and US housing starts, and the current quarter US producer price of softwood lumber have significant impacts on the import price of Canadian softwood lumber with 0.69, 1.92, 0.10 and ?1.64 as respective elasticities. Among trade barriers examined, a softwood quota raises the import price but a high tariff lowers it.