Non-causality: The role of the omitted variables

In this paper a proof is offered that if a variable Y₃ does not cause a variable Y₁ in the bivariate system (Y₁, Y₃) and Y₃ causes a variable Y₁ in higher-order system (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃), then the omitted variable Y₂ must cause the variable Y₁ in the bivariate system (Y₁, Y₂) and in the trivariate system (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃).     

Long-run waves or short-run fluctuations – what establishes the correlation between oil and food prices?

The strong correlation between food prices and energy prices has gained much attention in the public debate. In this article, we focus on the so-called excess co-movement, which is the correlation between crude oil price and the prices of food commodities after controlling for economic activity. We use a frequency domain Granger causality test to analyse short-run and long-run relationships between crude oil prices and prices of food commodities. For important biofuel inputs like maize, soybeans, rapeseed and EU sugar, we find evidence for long-run Granger causality in particular for the period after 2007. This supports the hypothesis that the increasing biofuel production creates the link between the prices of crude oil and food commodities. However, we also find short-run Granger causality for various food commodities. This result is more in line with herd behaviour or speculation in commodity markets.     

房价波动与银行信贷风险的动态相关关系研究

对房地产价格及银行信贷之间的联动机制进行了理论分析,并以VAR模型为基础,借助Granger因果检验、脉冲响应函数及方差分解等方法,分别对银行贷款余额、贷款资产恶化率与房地产价格指数之间的关系进行了实证研究,以揭示房价波动与银行信贷风险之间的动态相关关系。实证结果表明:银行信贷对房地产价格具有单向引导关系,银行信贷扩张引发房地产价格的上涨,而房地产价格上涨对银行信贷扩张的作用不大,但却会导致贷款资产恶化率的提高,进而加剧银行的信贷风险;由于存在时滞,银行信贷对房地产价格的冲击滞后一期才会显示出来且产生长期的正反馈效应,房地产价格对贷款资产恶化率的冲击当期就会产生影响,且贡献率稳定在7%左右。据此提出了抑制房价非理性上涨、控制银行信贷风险的相关建议。     

国际油价波动对经济增长的影响——基于中国的实证分析

基于1990年1月至2009年3月的月度数据,本文实证分析了我国经济增长与国际石油价格之间的长期变动关系,其特点在于,采用稳健性较强的T-Y因果检验来分析油价与经济增长的Granger因果关系,同时,运用非对称协整技术以考察油价与经济增长之间的非线性关系。研究发现：①长期中油价是我国经济增长的单向Granger原因;②油价与我国经济增长之间存在非对称协整关系,油价上涨对经济活动的负面影响大于油价下跌的积极影响。基于中国经济运行的实际,本文还分析了实证结果背后的原因,并提出当前国际金融危机背景下,油价呈下跌趋势,需抓住有利时机,动用外汇储备,大力购入石油资源,建立起石油战略储备;在经济复苏、油价上涨时,可以启动石油战略储备来减少石油供应冲击,从而有助于及时保证我国经济平稳快速增长的政策建议。     

On the Granger causality between median inflation and price dispersion

The Granger-causal relationship between the size and dispersion of fluctuations in sub-components of the US Consumer Price Index (CPI) is examined using both in-sample and out-of-sample tests and data from January 1968 to December 2008. Strong in-sample evidence is found for feedback between median inflation and price dispersion; the evidence for Granger-causation from median inflation to price dispersion remains strong in out-of-sample testing, but is less strong for Granger-causation in the opposite direction. The implications of these results for the variety of price-level determination models in the literature are discussed.     

A sneeze in the U.S., a cough in Japan,but pneumonia in Taiwan? An application of the Markov-Switching vector autoregressive model

This paper examines the lead–lag relationships among the output of Taiwan, Japan and the U.S. Three testing methods are employed: the traditional linear Granger causality test, Hiemstra and Jones' [Hiemstra, C., Jones, J.D., 1994. Testing for linear and nonlinear Granger causality in the stock price-volume relation. Journal of Finance 49, 1639–1664] nonlinear Granger causality test and Warne's [Warne, A., 2000. Causality and regime inference in a Markov-S switching VAR, Working Paper no. 118, Sveriges Riksbank, Stockholm.] Granger causality test under the Markov-Switching model. We find that the causal ordering is unclear and depends on the model we used. Because Markov-Switching model imposes few restrictions in estimation, we tend to use its estimated results but bear in mind that the evidence is sensitive. First, the common shock hypothesis is found that most probably exists between Taiwan and the U.S. Next, we conclude that Japan tends to lead Taiwan's output, to a certain extent. Last, there is no causal ordering between the U.S. and Japan economies.     

我国房地产税与房价关系的实证研究

本文以我国1988--2006年房地产税和房价的相关数据为基础,通过协整分析、向量自回归、误差修正和Granger因果检验,研究了我国房地产税对房价的短期影响及两者的长期关系。结论如下：我国房地产税和房价之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,房价和房地产税存在正相关关系,调高房地产税会引起房价增长;在不考虑地方公共支出对房价影响的情况下,房地产税的长期影响效应要大于短期影响效应;我国房地产税制设置欠完善,房地产税的变化会影响房价,而房价的变化不会影响房地产税。最后,本文提出,应对现行的房地产税收制度进行改革,减少房地产流通环节的税种和税负,开征物业税。     

粮食产量与价格波动的相互关系研究

实证研究结果表明,粮食产量和价格波动会相互影响,但产量的变化对价格的变化存在着滞后效应,而且产量变化对价格变化的影响要大于价格变化对产量变化的影响。从维护国家粮食安全的角度出发,应采取措施,促进粮食持续稳定增长和价格的相对稳定。     

土地供应对住房价格影响的实证研究——以上海市为例

以上海市为例,采用Granger因果关系检验和基于预期的房地产价格模型分析土地供应对住房价格的影响.研究结果是:土地供应能通过预期作用对住房价格产生负影响;土地供应对住房价格影响的弹性系数为-0.01.研究结论为:为抑制住房价格过快上涨,政府增加土地供应的措施是可行的;稳定土地供应有助于稳定房价;土地囤积将减弱住房价格对土地供应变化的时效,应抑制土地囤积行为.     

在土地出让环节抑制高房价的可能性分析

地方政府从土地出让环节获得的收益巨大,这已经成为公认的造成高房价的原因之一。分析土地成交价款、土地出让金等数据的构成,确定使用“土地出让纯收益”作为土地出让环节的地方政府收益的数据口径,运用各种方法定量估算地方政府从土地出让环节获得的纯收益大小,结果显示：土地出让环节具有抑制高房价的可能性。     

Oil price–inflation pass-through in Romania during the inflation targeting regime

In the wake of the inflation-targeting strategy in Romania, we estimate the impact of international oil prices upon the consumer price index (CPI) and core inflation. The inflation target was systematically missed by the monetary authorities who explain this failure by exogenous factors. Using a frequency domain framework, we show that the oil price–inflation pass-through can be observed only for those components of inflation which include volatile prices and only in the medium run. Our results put forward that the constant missing of the target cannot be explained by the oil price–inflation pass-through and the credibility of the strategy is put into question.     

我国棉花短期价格波动研究——基于时间序列

采用ARCH模型对我国国内短期棉花价格波动的影响因素进行了研究。结果显示:棉花流通体制改革和市场宏观调控政策对棉花价格波动分别表现为正向影响和负向影响;棉花当期价格受一期和八期滞后价格影响,这显示出市场主体预期对市场变动趋势具有一定影响;国内持续上涨的需求对棉花市场价格波动的影响相对不显著,而供需缺口的变动是影响国内棉花价格波动的重要因素;棉花进口量的增加有利于减弱国内棉花价格波动;国际市场棉花价格波动对国内价格波动存在显著的正向影响。短期内棉花价格呈现出明显的季节特征,这种季节特征与市场预期、供需变化有较大关联。     

Testing the relationship between competition and efficiency in banking: A panel data analysis

The relationship between competition and efficiency in the banking sectors of five EU countries is investigated using Granger-type causality test estimations. We find positive causation between market power and efficiency, whereas the causality running from efficiency to competition is weak.     

近代上海标金期货市场的实证分析——基于上海标金期货市场与伦敦白银市场之关系的视角

当前学术界对近代中国标金期货市场的研究多是运用历史学和史料学的归纳总结方法,而缺少计量经济学的实证分析与检验.文章采用1921-1935年伦敦银市场和上海标金市场每日收盘数据,运用计量经济学的Granger因果关系检验得出:1921-1931年,伦敦银市场与上海标金市场之间存在双向因果关系,相互影响.检验结果表明:世界货币金本位制的放弃和南京国民政府对市场的强制干预,是导致中国国内与国外金融市场隔离的主要内外原因.     

中国转型期的信贷波动与经济波动

本文基于1981-2002年的季度数据,考察了在经济转轨的不同阶段我国信贷波动的特征,并通过时差相关分析和Granger因果关系检验,分析了信贷波动与经济周期波动的相互关系.结果表明,总体上信贷波动与经济周期波动基本同步,信贷扩张和收缩是产生经济周期波动的显著影响因素,但这种影响从20世纪90年代中期开始有所下降,同时,信贷波动的内生性开始显现.     

The Relationship Between Economic Factors and Equity Markets in Central Europe

This paper investigates the possibility that newly-emerging equity markets in Central Europe exhibit semi-strong form efficiency such that no relationship exists between lagged values of changes in economic variables and changes in equity prices. We find that while there are connections between the real economy and equity market returns in Poland and Hungary, these links occur with lags, suggesting the possibility of profitable trading strategies based on public information and rejecting semi-strong efficiency. For the Czech Republic the situation is more complex. In recent periods, little connection exists between lagged economic variables and equity market returns. Although this finding might be viewed as consistent with semi-strong efficiency, in fact there is also little connection between current economic values and stock prices in the Czech Republic. Thus, instead of processing information efficiently, the Czech market appears to be entirely divorced from the real world. It is suggested that the difference in the current status of these markets may be due to the different methods by which they were created.     

碳密度与投资率的因果关系——对中国1980～2009年数据的实证研究

为应对国际金融危机的冲击,国务院4万亿元巨额投资计划出台,碳密度的反弹也随之见诸报端。在这样的背景下,文章运用格兰杰因果检验对我国1980～2009年投资率和碳密度的数据进行分析。检验结果表明,投资率和碳密度之间存在单向因果关系,投资率是碳密度的格兰杰原因。最后从我国的投资现状出发,提出展望与建议。