以中国为例分析粮食体系的安全问题——基于层次分析模型

粮食安全问题不容忽视。以中国为例,建立粮食安全评价指标体系的层次分析模型,利用熵权法分析中国粮食体系存在的问题。构建粮食供给系统再优指标,分析了2000—2019年中国粮食安全系统的整体变化情况,据此提出了粮食安全相关建议。     

一种新的粮食安全评价方法研究

该文提出了一个综合自然、社会和经济等多因子的粮食安全评价方法,选择了人均粮食占有量和人均GDP两个指标来描述粮食安全状况。人均粮食占有量的变化可以表述粮食供给性和稳定性变化状况,人均GDP变化则可以反映粮食可获取性和购买能力的变化,两者综合决定一个国家或地区的粮食安全状况。这两个指标分别和3个空间模型(空间EPIC模型、作物选择模型和IFPSIM模型)关联。利用该方法,以网格大小为6分弧度的地理单元为评价对象,以2000年为初始年份,对未来2020年的全球粮食安全状况进行了评价。研究表明,粮食供给短缺与贫困是危及粮食安全的最主要因素。到2020年,多数南亚国家和非洲国家,由于其人均粮食占有量和人均GDP两个指标值都显著降低,粮食供应不足和贫困一起将可能导致该区域存在粮食危机和饥饿风险。对于其它区域,日益增长的粮食需求可以通过本区域的粮食生产自给予以满足,或通过外部购买或粮食进口得到满足,总体上不存在粮食安全问题。     

中国粮食生产与消费的区域格局演变

[目的]当前中国各地区资源禀赋、社会经济、政策等因素存在较大差异,粮食供求区域性和品种性矛盾将成为未来一个时期内中国粮食必须面临的现实情况,必须进一步了解中国粮食生产和粮食消费的格局演变状态,探索在新形势下保障国家粮食安全的新思路。[方法]以省级行政区为单位,选择不同样本数据(省级粮食产量、消费量),通过空间经济学重心模型对2000~2014年全国稻谷、玉米和小麦的生产和消费的重心进行测算,同时运用地理信息系统(GIS)对3种作物的生产和消费重心运行轨迹进行描绘并对其生产重心和消费重心的耦合性进行测算。[结果]粮食生产和粮食消费的空间匹配性在不断下降,空间布局和粮食利益矛盾进一步加深,区域利益矛盾激化,给新时期粮食储备、粮食调配、粮食多样化供给等方面带来挑战。[结论]需要各区域主体明确责任,完善粮食流通体系,实现省际合作,建立区域粮食利益协调机制,实现区域粮食的合理配置,有效保障粮食安全。     

主销区粮食安全长效机制研究

勿庸置疑,国家粮食安全不仅要看粮食总量,而且还要看粮食的地区分布和品种结构。主销区在我国粮食安全格局中的地位十分重要。主销区一有风吹草动,往往引发局部乃至全国粮食供应的风波。因此,在重视整个国家粮食安全时,必须十分关注主销区粮食安全问题。近几年,在全国粮食安全的大环境下,主销区采取了加强粮食储备,加强粮食市场建设,建立粮食预警应急机制等有力措施,确保本辖区内粮食安全。但是,主销区粮食安全的基础毕竟脆弱,必须建立起一套粮食安全的长效机制,以确保粮食供应长期稳定。为此,本文就主销区建立粮食安全长效机制问题作一探讨…     

中国粮食生产与粮食安全的长效机制研究

中国人口多、粮食消费量大,耕地少、农业资源短缺,粮食生产基础脆弱,长期以来粮食生产供需矛盾突出。21世纪初中国农业发展和粮食生产进入了一个新的关键时期,如何实现粮食生产需求动态平衡,实现国家粮食安全,必须探讨和研究提高种粮农民积极性,促进粮食生产稳定增长,保护和涵养粮食综合生产能力的粮食生产与粮食安全长效机制。     

我国粮食主产区粮食生产中的水资源利用及影响研究

我国农业用水存在供需矛盾加剧、水资源过度开发、用水效率低下、水环境恶化等问题,影响着粮食安全。本文以13个粮食主产区为例,构建了包含水、耕地、劳动力、资本等粮食生产要素的粮食生产函数,并对粮食生产中水资源利用进行了实证研究。研究发现,粮食产量与农业用水量正相关,在其他影响因子不变的情况下,粮食主产区水资源投入每增加1%,粮食产量增加1.96%。受水资源限制,提高农业用水效率将是实现粮食安全的必由之路。     

浅谈储备粮管理单位的企业文化建设

建立中国储备粮管理系统,完善储备粮经营管理体制,是党中央、国务院为确保国家粮食安全作出的一项重大决策,对提高宏观调控效率,提升我国粮食安全水平发挥着重要作用。近年来,中央、省、市、县各级粮食储备系统逐渐完善,各级储粮企业,从库房建设、人员配备、粮食储量都已具有相当的规模。但整体看,由于粮食储备系统建设时间较短,企业文化建设方面还比较薄弱,     

关于中国粮食安全战略的思考

我国政府历来高度重视粮食安全并取得了重大成就。在粮食需求刚性增长、粮食增长面临资源环境等制约情况下,粮食安全战略必须以科技为根本手段,以耕地保护和质量提升为可靠基础,依靠优势区域增产提升保障能力,以国家政策支持作为提高粮食综合生产能力、确保粮食有效供给的重要支撑。     

影响河南粮食产量的因子分析与发展对策

粮食生产能力的大小直接关系到粮食安全,粮食安全是国家经济安全的基础.本文在建立因子分析模型的基础上,对河南粮食产量的影响因子进行了实证分析,确定了主要影响因素提出了实现河南省粮食生产可持续发展的对策,为解决粮食安全问题提供科学的依据.     

产销平衡区粮食安全评价及形势分析——以甘肃省为例

[目的]粮食安全是社会稳定、经济发展的基础和前提，评估粮食安全状况、分析粮食安全形势，可为科学选择新时期粮食安全战略路径、推进乡村振兴战略实施，促进经济持续发展、构建生态屏障提供决策依据。[方法]文章以粮食产销省份甘肃省为区域，选择粮食产消、粮食供需、口粮保障、粮食储备、粮食流通和粮食生产等6个指标，系统评价2010—2020年区域粮食安全状况；运用产销平衡区粮食安全预警模型，评估近10年甘肃省粮食储备、流通和供需等结构体系的安全性；采用GM (1, 1)模型和线性回归组合模型预测粮食生产趋势，评估近10年甘肃省粮食生产的稳定性。[结果]（1）甘肃省粮食自给率高，人均粮食生产占有量达到了FAO要求的安全水准以上，粮食储备充裕并逐步向合理的储备规模调整，省内外粮食购进和外销保持稳定的流通态势，粮食总供求个别年份出现短缺轻警，总体保持紧平衡态势。（2）2021—2030年甘肃省粮食产量趋势增加，变化范围在1 159万～1 335万t，粮食生产实际产量高于趋势产量，但粮食生产波动指数年际间变幅较大，粮食生产的稳定性欠佳，且主要的口粮作物小麦呈隐性减产态势。[结论]（1）政策支持、财政资金扶持...     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.