1993-2005年广东农业生产率的变动与分解——基于Malmquist生产率指数的实证分析

本文使用非参数的Malmquist生产率指数方法,对广东省1993—2005年间农业全要素生产率（TFP）的变动趋势进行了考察,并把TFP的增长构成分解为技术进步、纯技术效率变化、规模效率变化三个部分。结果表明：13年间广东全省农业TFP的增长主要是由技术进步推动的,纯技术效率和规模效率的下降对TFP的增长造成了不利影响;农业TFP增长的地区水平差异显著,而且增长的结构也有所不同。最后是相应的政策建议。     

电网企业技术进步与技术效率对生产率的影响测算

为了分析电网行业的生产率受技术进步和技术效率的影响程度,使用基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数方法,以9家省电力公司为样本,对电网企业的技术和生产效率的动态变动情况进行了研究。结果表明,2005-2010年间样本电网企业的全要素生产率年平均增长率为3.2%,技术进步的贡献大于技术效率的贡献。技术效率指数表现不优是由于多数样本企业的实际规模与最佳规模之间的偏差较大。因此为了提高我国电网企业生产率,关键是提升效率特别是规模效率。     

中国新能源上市公司全要素生产率动态变化实证研究

文章从投入产出角度,运用DEA-Malmquist指数法对中国新能源上市公司的全要素生产率动态变化及其分解进行了测算。研究表明2006－2011年间中国新能源上市公司的全要素生产率增长水平较低,平均增长率仅为1.5％。增长的源泉主要是技术进步,技术效率的下降在一定程度上抵消了技术进步带来的效果。最后从不同类型新能源公司视角出发,分析了不同类型新能源公司全要素生产率变化、技术效率变化、技术进步之间的差异性。     

Gender Inequalities and Economic Efficiency: New Evidence from Cassava‐based Farm Holdings in Rural South‐western Nigeria

Abstract: It is a widely accepted fact that persistent inequality between men and women constrains a society's productivity and ultimately slows its rate of economic growth. The economy pays for this inequality in reduced labour productivity today and diminished national output tomorrow. Motivated by this, the study aim is to assess the possibilities of enhancing productivity gains by improving the efficiency of small‐scale agriculture through gender‐responsive intra‐household allocation of resources in south‐western Nigeria. The study adopts a stochastic parametric decomposition method which yields efficiency measures that are not distorted by statistical noise to estimate the efficiency level of resource allocation by small‐scale cassava producers. The results indicate that average overall productive efficiency in the sample was 75.78 per cent, implying that small‐scale cassava farmers in the sample could reduce total variable cost by 24.22 per cent if they reduce labour, fertilizer, land and capital applications to levels observed in the changing input mix (technical efficiency) and then obtain optimal input mix for the given input prices and technology (allocative efficiency). The average technical efficiency and allocative efficiency indexes for the sample were 82.2 per cent and 92.2 per cent respectively. Also, evidence from empirical analysis of data from the male respondents showed that the average economic, technical and allocative efficiency indexes were 88.06 per cent, 89.34 per cent and 78.67 per cent respectively while the same computed for the female sample were 94.9 per cent, 74.85 per cent and 71.03 per cent respectively. Labour was the most limiting factor in cassava production suggesting that the technologies that enhance the productivity of labour are likely to achieve significant positive effects on cassava production. The paper shares the notion that producers' control over the means of production and impact of development are related and has influence on the economic efficiency and growth of society. Again, technical inefficiency constituted a more serious problem than allocative inefficiency, thus most cost savings will accrue to improvement in technical efficiency.     

中国装备制造业全要素生产率增长的分解:1998-2009——基于省际面板数据的研究

本文采用超越对数的随机前沿生产函数和1998-2009年的省际面板数据,测算了中国各地区装备制造业的全要素生产率(TFP)增长率,并从技术进步、技术效率变化、规模效率变化、配置效率变化四个方面对中国装备制造业全要素生产率变化的特点进行了分析。经验结果表明,样本期间内,全国以及东、中、西部地区装备制造业的TFP都有所增长,其增速皆呈现出先增后减再增的趋势;TFP增长对全国装备制造业产出增长的贡献率相对较低,仅为0.117。对TFP增长的分解发现,技术进步已成为中国装备制造业TFP增长的主要源泉,配置效率和规模效率恶化则严重阻碍了中国装备制造业TFP水平的提高。分地区来看,中部地区的TFP增长率最高,东部次之,西部最低,这主要是由于西部地区装备制造业要素配置效率的下降最为严重,东部地区规模效率的下降最为严重。     

服务业全要素生产率测度及其省际差异

运用2005～2009年中国31省份服务业面板数据,采用非参数Malmquist指数方法,对中国服务业全要素生产率的变动原因、空间差异与变动趋势进行考察,并将全要素生产率进一步分解为技术效率和技术进步。研究结果表明,中国服务业整体仍表现为粗放型的增长方式,全要素生产率呈现负增长,但增长速度有所放缓;服务业发展水平的空间差异明显,东部地区服务业发展水平高于中西部地区,其中西部和东北地区服务业发展水平较落后,且技术进步和技术效率对中国及各区域服务业的全要素生产率在时间和空间上有不同的影响。     

基于DEA模型的工业行业全要素煤炭效率研究

运用DEA-BCC模型对我国工业行业的全要素煤炭效率进行测算,通过DEA-Malmquist指数对工业行业煤炭效率增长的原因进行分析,并使用聚类分析将全要素煤炭效率进行划分。结果表明：从2005年到2014年我国工业行业全要素煤炭效率不断提高,全要素煤炭生产率平均值为1.076,平均增长了7.6%,科技进步对其的贡献最大。不同的工业行业全要素煤炭生产率增长的原因是不一致的,因此要区别对待。同时全要素煤炭生产率低的行业多为耗能比较高、污染比较高的行业,全要素煤炭生产率高的行业多为耗能比较低、污染比较低的行业。     

The efficiency and productivity of Japanese securities firms, 1988–93

Non-parametric linear programming methods are used to construct the production technology and measure overall cost efficiency for Japanese securities firms during the period 1988–93. Overall cost efficiency is decomposed into allocative efficiency, pure technical efficiency, scale efficiency, and congestion efficiency. The Malmquist input-based productivity index is also constructed and used to compare productivity change between the Big Four Japanese securities firms and other securities firms. The effects of various keiretsu links between securities firms and banks on overall cost efficiency are also examined.     

Productivity Growth,Technical Progress and Efficiency Change in African Agriculture

Abstract: The paper examines the economic performance of a large number of African countries using an international comparable data set and the latest technique for analysis. The paper focuses on growth in total factor productivity and its decomposition into technical change and efficiency change components. The analysis is undertaken using the data envelopment analysis (DEA). The present study uses data of 16 countries over the period 1970–2001. It was found that, globally, during that period, total factor productivity has experienced a positive evolution in sampled countries. This good performance of the agricultural sector was due to good progress in technical efficiency rather than technical progress. The region suffered a regression in productivity in the 1970s, and made some progress during the 1980s and 1990s. The study also highlights the fact that technical change has been the main constraint of achievement of high levels of total factor productivity during the reference period in sub‐Saharan Africa. Contrariwise, in Maghreb countries, technological change has been the main driving force of productivity growth. Finally, the results indicate that institutional factors as well as agro‐ecological factors are important determinants of agricultural productivity growth.     

FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY,AND PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA

Financial development might lead to productivity improvement in developing countries. In the present study, based on the Data Envelopment Analysis approach, we use the Malmquist index to measure China's total factor productivity change and its two components (i.e., efficiency change and technical progress). We find that China has recorded an increase in total factor productivity from 1993 to 2001, and that productivity growth was mostly attributed to technical progress, rather than to improvement in efficiency. Moreover, using panel dataset covering 29 Chinese provinces over the period from 1993 to 2001 and applying the Generalized Method of Moment system estimation, we investigate the impact of financial development on productivity growth in China. Empirical results show that, during this period, financial development has significantly contributed to China's productivity growth, mainly through its favorable effect on efficiency.     

基于我国东部地区的服务业全要素生产率研究

采用非参数Malmquist指数方法实证分析了2001—2008年我国东部地区10个省份中国服务业全要素生产率的增长状况,并将其分解为技术效率和技术进步。通过研究发现我国东部地区服务业经济增长效率在这段时间是逐步提升的,技术进步是主要的推动力,而技术效率贡献微乎其微,要提高我国服务业全要素生产率水平,需要在注重技术进步的同时也要注重技术效率的提升。     

Productivity growth, technological progress, and efficiency change in chinese agriculture after rural economic reforms: A DEA approach

This study applies a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to analyze total factor productivity, technology, and efficiency changes in Chinese agricultural production from 1984 to 1993. Twenty-nine provinces in China were classified into advanced-technology and low-technology categories. The Malmquist (1953) productivity measures were decomposed into two components: technical change index and efficiency change index. The results show that total factor productivity has risen in most provinces for both technology categories during the 1984–1993 period. Technical progress was mostly attributed to Chinese agricultural productivity growth after the rural economic reforms. The deterioration in technical efficiency in many provinces indicates China has great potential to increase productivity through improved technical efficiency. Enhancing rural education and research and development (R&D) in agriculture may also help farmers to improve technical efficiency and productivity in agricultural production.     

Productivity Growth in Different Plant‐size Groups in the Malaysian Manufacturing Sector*

In the present study, we develop a stochastic frontier production model that allows for different groups of firms to have different patterns of technical efficiency over time. We apply our model to the Malaysian manufacturing sector to decompose total factor productivity growth into technical efficiency change and technical progress for different plant size groups (e.g. large and small) in seven industries during 2000–2004. Our empirical results indicate that technical efficiency has worsened across all industries and plant‐size groups. In contrast, we find evidence of substantial technical progress in all industries. In fact, technical progress has been larger than technical efficiency deterioration in most industries and plant‐size groups, leading to total factor productivity growth. Our analysis identifies the industries and plant‐size groups that lag the most in terms of productivity, and thus have the greatest scope for policies that facilitate productivity growth.     

我国城市商业银行2009—2011年生产效率分析

通过数据包络分析（DEA）模型对2009—2011年国内53家具有代表性的城市商业银行进行生产率分析,并通过Malmquist指数将其生产率变化分解为技术效率及技术进步两个指数进行研究。结果表明,伴随着2009—2011年间国内城商行规模的快速扩张,大型城商行规模效率逐渐下降,开始呈现规模递减发展趋势,而多数中小型城商行因为规模相对较小,处于规模报酬不变的扩张区间;对Malmquist指数测度结果的分析则表明国内大型城商行全要素生产率指数变化无论在均值还是在稳定性方面都要优于中小型城商行,突出表现在影响其内部发展的技术进步上,中小型城商行亟需通过软硬件、服务功能、产品创新等进一步提升既有技术水平,从而支撑其业务的可持续发展。     

技术进步、规模效应与银行效率变化

本文采用MalmquistTFP指数法,对国内主要商业银行1995—2008年全要素生产率（TFP）进行测算和分解,考察国内银行业改革发展过程中技术进步、规模效应与银行效率变化之间的关系。经验结果显示,1996—2002年期间国内商业银行垒要素生产率呈现衰退状况,其中技术变动指数和规模效率变动指数总体下降,可能在于这段时期内宏观经济环境及调控政策的变动。2003—2008年期间全要素生产率呈现总体好转,主要来源于技术进步及规模效率改善,国有银行股份制改造、加入WTO开放银行业等一系列制度变革举措产生了重要的促进作用;股份制银行的金要素生产率变化指数总体高于国有银行,主要得益于其技术进步的作用。国有银行的规模效率变化指数相对较高,因而在技术效率改进方面表现更佳,充分体现其规模优势。     

中国粮食生产的技术效率与全要素生产率增长：1978-2008

本文利用1978—2008年间我国30个省市区的面板数据,对改革开放以来我国粮食生产进行了随机前沿分析。以此为基础,对我国粮食生产技术效率进行了影响因素分析,并对粮食生产全要素生产率增长进行分解和趋势分析。结果表明,农业基础设施建设和制度因素是影响我国粮食生产技术效率的关键因素;我国粮食产量增长主要是由投入要素的增长拉动,31年间全要素生产率的平均增长率为1．17％,TFP对我国粮食产量的贡献很小,其原因在于技术进步与技术效率变化呈现相反趋势。2004年以来,技术效率提高的速度持续下降,技术进步逐渐成为TFP增长的主要动力。     

Accounting and determinants analysis of China's provincial total factor productivity considering carbon emissions

One of the most undesirable output of China's rapid economic growth has been increasing carbon emissions. This study measures and analyzes the impact of carbon emissions on China's regional total factor productivity from 2000 to 2017. Using global Malmquist-Luenberger productivity indexes, we re-estimate the provincial total factor productivity taking carbon emission into account, comparing different assumptions of returns to scale and considering the rank reverse issue. The differences of technical progress and efficiency change across Chinese regional economies are also investigated and we found that the former was the primary contributor to improved Chinese provincial productivity performance. In addition, we analyze the influencing factors of productivity based on provincial panel data. Our results indicate that innovation capacity, energy and employment structure had significant impact on the provincial productivities while urbanization had a negative impact. A more sustainable development can be expected by expanding regional investment in R&D, adjusting and optimizing structures of regional industries and energies.     

京津冀区域能源环境利用效率及影响因素分析

基于京津冀区域“十一五”和“十二五”期间的面板数据和DEA-Malmquist及Panel Tobit模型对区域内202个区县的能源环境利用效率及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：研究时段内,京津冀区域的纯技术效率最高,规模效率次之,综合效率最低;技术进步变化指数是影响全要素生产率变化指数的主导因素;第三产业占比、经济开放程度对京津冀区域能源环境利用效率具有正向影响,单位GDP能耗、政府干预、房地产投资对区域能源环境利用效率具有负向影响。     

国际R&D溢出渠道的实证研究——来自中国省际面板的经验证据

本文利用2003～2008年中国省区的面板数据,研究了进口贸易、外商直接投资和对外直接投资3条渠道传递的国际R&D对中国的技术溢出效果。研究结果表明,进口贸易和外商直接投资对中国全要素生产率、技术进步和技术效率均无显著的正向促进作用,对外直接投资却显著促进了国内全要素生产率提升和技术进步。分区域的回归结果进一步揭示,对外投资显著促进了东部和中部地区的全要素生产率增长,对西部地区的全要素生产率增长则无显著影响。在上述结论的基础上,论文对中国利用3条渠道的国际R&D溢出促进技术进步和经济发展提出了相应的政策建议。     

制造业集聚和城市规模对城市绿色全要素生产率的协同效应研究

文章利用2004-2015年中国285个地级及以上城市面板数据，探讨了制造业集聚与城市规模协同性对城市绿色全要素生产率的影响及其作用机制。实证结果表明：（1）中国城市绿色全要素生产率存在明显的空间关联性特征，其具有显著的先增强后减弱的趋势特点。（2）从单因素考虑，制造业集聚与城市绿色全要素生产率之间存在"倒U型"关系，城市规模与城市绿色全要素生产率之间呈现"U型"关系。（3）从协同效应来看，城市规模能够提升制造业集聚的边际效应，但是制造业集聚阻碍了城市规模效应的发挥，两者协同效应的发挥需要互相匹配；以制造业集聚效应为标准，中国城市人口规模存在较大范围的提升空间。（4）从城市绿色技术效率和绿色技术进步的内在路径差异来看，制造业集聚、城市规模对不同路径具有作用相反的影响。这一研究结果为深入理解制造业集聚与城市规模协同性影响城市绿色全要素生产率的作用机制提供了经验证据。