Money and Price Dispersion

We relax restrictions on the storage technology in a prototypical monetary search model to study price dispersion. In this case, buyers and sellers enter matches with potentially different willingness to trade. Across the distribution of possible bilateral matches, prices generally will differ even though agents have identical preferences and technologies. We provide existence conditions for a particularly simple equilibrium pattern of exchange. We prove that in the limiting case where search frictions are eliminated, equilibrium prices are uniform. We also show that a higher initial money stock can raise the average price level and increase price dispersion.     

Ethnic Networks and Price Dispersion

We offer and test a model linking ethnic networks to global price dispersion which predicts lower price dispersion as shared ethnic populations between countries rise, effects that may reverse at higher levels as network discipline breaks down. Using Chinese, Indian and Japanese data, we find that country pairs linked by the Chinese network have significantly lower mean price dispersion. A one standard deviation increase in the size of the Chinese coethnic network lowers price dispersion by 6–33%, an effect that reverses as the network gets large. No such evidence exists for the Indian or Japanese networks.     

Monopoly Price Dispersion Under Demand Uncertainty

When a monopolist sets its price before its demand is known, then it may set more than one price and limit the availability of its output at lower prices. This article adds demand uncertainty and price rigidities to the standard model of monopoly pricing. When there are two states of demand and the ex post monopoly price is greater when demand is high then the monopolist's optimal ex ante pricing strategy is to set two prices and limit purchases at the lower price.     

Equilibrium Price Dispersion with Consumer Inventories

A model with two types of consumers, shoppers and captives, is constructed that leads to an equilibrium price dispersion. Shoppers may hold inventories of the good; the level of consumer inventories leads to state-dependent price dispersions. It is shown that prices and quantities display negative serial correlation. The model is tested using grocery store data, which display the predicted correlations. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D43, L13, D83, L81.     

Price Dispersion and the Role of Stores*

In this paper, we study price dispersion in the Norwegian retail market for 766 products across 4,297 stores over 60 months. Price dispersion for homogeneous products is significant and persistent, with a coefficient of variation of 37 percent for the median product. Price dispersion differs between product categories and over time. Store heterogeneity accounts for 30 percent of the observed variation in prices for the median product–month, and for around 50 percent for the sample as a whole. Price dispersion is still prevalent after correcting for store heterogeneity.     

通货膨胀、信息搜寻成本与价格分散

在人们为了交易动机而持有实际货币余额中,至少有一部分是为了寻找较低价格而产生的对信息搜寻行为的一种投入。在这一假设下,通货膨胀和价格分散之间存在正的相互作用。许多实证研究都支持了这一观点。     

双参考价格范围的价格判断试验研究

传统的价格判断模型考虑常规目标价格状态的判断,然而在不规范的市场中,商品良莠不齐,消费者常常面对超低的商品价格,按照传统的价格判断模型,消费者不会接受这种超低价,然而现实情况却不是如此。消费者为什么接受了怀疑的交易,面对超低价格,消费者如何判断价格的吸引力?笔者将对传统价格模型进行扩展,通过试验验证新的价格判断模型,用以解释以上问题。     

Competition and Price Dispersion in International Long-distance Calling

This paper examines the relationship between changes in telecommunications provider competition on international long-distance routes and changes in prices. Overall, increased competition is associated with significantly lower prices to consumers of long-distance services. However, the relationship between competition and price varies according to the type of long-distance plan considered. For the plans frequently selected by price-conscious consumers, increased competition on a route is associated with lower prices. In contrast, for the basic international plans that are the default selection for consumers, increased competition on a route is actually associated with higher prices. Thus price dispersion appears to increase as competition increases. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and not necessarily those of the OECD. I thank two anonymous referees, Joe Farrell, John Harkrider, Jim Lande, Bob Majure, Carl Willner and seminar participants at the FCC for their helpful comments. Special thanks for aid with data to Linda Blake, Mark Uretsky, Jim Lande, R.L. Smith and Carl Willner.     

Buyer Subsidies in an Equilibrium Model of Price Dispersion

Abstract. We present a model of equilibrium price dispersion in which a per-unit subsidy to buyers can reduce average prices. The reason is that subsidies have two effects on average prices that work in opposite directions. First, subsidies raise buyers' willingness-to-pay, and by itself this causes firms to charge higher prices. However, since a higher willingness-to-pay lowers the relative cost of search, subsidies also induce more search. This creates a second effect that puts pressure on firms to reduce prices. We show that the second effect can dominate, thus causing an overall reduction in average price.     

The Stability of Price Dispersion under Seller and Consumer Learning*

In many markets, it is possible to find rival sellers charging different prices for the same good. Earlier research has attempted to explain this phenomenon by demonstrating the existence of dispersed price equilibria when consumers must make use of costly search to discover prices. We ask whether such equilibria can be learned when sellers adjust prices adaptively in response to current market conditions. With consumer behavior fixed, convergence to a dispersed price equilibrium is possible in some cases. However, once consumer learning is introduced, the monopoly outcome first found by Diamond (Journal of Economic Theory3 (1971), 156–68) is the only stable equilibrium.     

Costly Search, Capacity Constraints, and Bertrand Equilibrium Price Dispersion

This article analyzes the impact of transaction (search) costs and capacity constraints in an almost competitive market with homogeneous firms that compete on price. We characterize conditions under which Nash equilibria with price dispersion exist; in equilibrium, firms play pure strategies in prices and consumers adopt a symmetric mixed search strategy. Price dispersion is possible even though consumers all have the same search cost and valuation for the item and prices charged by all firms are common knowledge.     

Equilibrium Price Dispersion in a Matching Model with Divisible Money*

The main purpose of this article is to show that, for any given parameter value, an equilibrium with dispersed prices (two‐price equilibrium) exists in Green and Zhou's matching model with divisible money. The welfare effect of price dispersion is also analyzed.     

我国酒店业网上价格波动的供给面原因分析

网络技术的发展，互联网渗透到各行各业，与我们商业和生活密不可分，其中应用最为成功的一个领域是网上旅游市场。本文希望通过实证方法，对订房网站进行抽样调查，探索网上订房的报价和价格波动情况，度量波动程度，初步从供给面来探讨影响波动的原因。我们发现品牌（星级）、质量（房型）和经济环境（城市）对价格波动产生影响。     

普通住宅房价与地价因果关系的检验及其政策含义

本文在综述房价与地价关系研究成果的基础上,结合土地市场与住宅市场二者属性,构建一个认识房价与地价关系的基础。理论研究表明,在不完全竞争的市场中,地价是房价上涨的一个重要但非决定性因素,土地需求作为引致需求受房价影响较大。同时,本文利用1998年至2009年季度数据对房价和地价进行G ranger因果关系检测,计量结果表明：短期内房价与地价互为影响,房价对地价影响更为显著;长期内,房价是地价的G ranger因,而不是相反。计量结果可以揭示房地产市场信号短期与长期传递的机制。在此基础上,本文提出房地产市场治理的应对之策。     

房地产价格理性泡沫检验方法剖析

房地产市场价格周期波动是全球普遍存在的现象,对局部市场是否有泡沫出现研究者们还没有统一的判断方法,基于理性预期假设的泡沫检验是主流经济学的常用方法。本文对几种常用的理性泡沫检验方法,包括方差上限检验,West设定检验,单根和协整检验,RALS单根和协整检验,体制转换检验等进行了探讨,分析了其作为房地产泡沫检验手段的可行性和局限。     

垂直薪酬差距与新创企业的创新精神

差异化薪酬管理政策如何影响新创企业的创新精神,是一个重要的学术研究问题.考虑到企业高层与基层员工的薪酬没有太大的可比性,文章将新创企业内部薪酬差距分为高层-中层及中层-基层两个层面,考察了不同层级之间的垂直薪酬差距对新创企业创新活动的影响.研究结果表明,垂直薪酬差距与新创企业的创新精神之间呈显著的倒U形关系,即新创企业的创新精神随着垂直薪酬差距的扩大呈现先上升后下降的趋势.另外,中层-基层薪酬差距对新创企业创新精神的作用还受到董事会治理和外部环境包容性的影响,即在同等的中层-基层薪酬差距下,设立董事会及处于强包容性环境下的新创企业有更强的创新精神.文章拓展了薪酬差距理论的研究成果,而且对于指导新创企业制定和完善薪酬激励政策具有重要的现实意义.     

要素价格滞后波动显露的宏观经济运行新动向

本文借助实际统计资料分析了要素价格滞后于价格总水平波动的情况,揭示了近年来我国宏观经济运行中一尚未引起人们关注的新动向——总供给曲线斜率正在逐步增大;尔后考察了其现实影响,指出总供给曲线斜率增大将降低以短期需求管理为主轴的宏观调控政策效应,同时将增加后续的通货膨胀压力;在此基础上提出了宏观调控应从当前主要侧重于需求管理及时向供给与需求管理并重转换的政策思路。     

房地产中的需求价格分析及泡沫检验

近年来我国房地产价格一路走高,政府接二连三出台政策进行调控,但是效果不是十分理想,反而呈现出且调且涨,逆势上扬的局面。文章拟从需求和房价的角度出发,深入分析了需求和房价的关系,揭示了高房价是由过度的需求和金融门槛的放低共同制造的产物。同时运用右尾ADF检验对我国房地产市场上的泡沫进行检验,提出政策建议,以期我国房地产的健康平稳发展。     

Analysis on Demand Price of Housing Industry and its Bubble Test

WANG Shi-fei, FAN Wang-bang In recent years China＇s housing price keeps going up and Chinese government has adopted some measures to control it, but the result is not satisfying. The current situation is that the housing price goes up among goverment＇s effort to control it. Based on view of demand and housing price, the paper has a deep analysis on relation between demand and housing price. The analysis shows that overdemand and low financial threshold lead to high price of housing. After having a test on bubble in housing market, the paper puts forward some measures to promote sound development of housing industry in China.