预包装食品标签相关规定及标签标志错误分析

预包装食品标签上的产品信息是消费者购买产品的重要依据,也是食品质量安全管理的重要内容之一。本文依据GB 7718-2011《食品安全国家标准预包装食品标签通则》探讨预包装食品标签目前存在的问题。     

食品营养标签常见问题及规范措施

GB 28050-2011《预包装食品营养标签通则》是食品安全国家标准,属于强制执行的标准,食品生产企业应严格依据法律法规和标准组织生产。通过实施营养标签标准,要求预包装食品必须标示营养标签内容,有利于宣传普及食品营养知识,指导公众科学选择膳食;有利于促进消费者合理平衡膳食和身体健康;有利于规范企业正确标示营养标签,科学宣传有关营养知识,促进食品产业健康发展。该标准自2013年1月1日实施至今已有4年多,抽检的食品还存在不少营养标签不符合标准要求的情况。本文对营养标签强制标示内容进行了简要分析,并针对其常见问题和解决对策展开了讨论,旨在为研究人员提供更加有价值的参考建议。     

Communicating Sensory Attributes and Innovation Through Food Product Labeling

This article explores the influence of food product packaging on consumers’ sensory expectations and perceived newness of the product. Two experiments examine to what extent consumers use product typicality, graphical representations, and package typicality in evaluating new food products. Study 1 finds that (1) a typical flavor induces more positive expectations of pleasantness, taste, color, and smell, and (2) the presence of graphic representation on product labels increases perceived pleasantness but does not affect sensory expectations. Study 2 indicates that the product seems newer in the absence of a package (label-only condition), but when the product packaging is presented, an atypical package conveys more newness than a typical package. These results provide practical guidelines for the design and introduction of innovative food products.     

Consumer Utilization of Food Labeling as a Source of Nutrition Information

The factors which influence consumer usage of food labels are investigated by a qualitative response model using the 1987–1988 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey data. Econometric results show that economic, sociodemographic, and consumer health awareness variables are determinants of food label usage. The implications of these findings include formulating government food labeling regulations and consumer educational programs and evaluating consumer health benefits of using food labels.     

Consumers' Assessment of the Food Safety Problem for Meals Prepared at Home and Reactions to Food Safety Labeling

Abstract

Public awareness and concern regarding foodborne illnesses have increased rapidly over the past decade. This increased concern may cause consumers to avoid certain stores, products or brands, particularly following a publicized incidence of foodborne illness or a large recall. Many firms have undertaken costly efforts to improve the safety of their products yet find communicating such improvements difficult because of potential alarmist responses by consumers to food safety issues. To identify if differences in food safety risks can be effectively and credibly communicated, we conducted eight focus groups. This article summarizes these focus groups and reports how consumers frame the issues surrounding the food safety problem and how consumers react to label-based communications of food safety characteristics. We find consumers have broad, moderate food safety concerns, a wide but spotty understanding of foodborne illness prevention and consequences, and a healthy skepticism concerning food safety claims. We identify two forms of labeling that show promise with regard to consumer acceptance and credibility in communicating brand-level and package-level differences in the risk of foodborne illness and discuss implications for consumer valuation of such differences.     

经济学视角下治理食品安全问题的对策

食品安全是严重的社会问题,其产生的根源主要在于食品市场存在严重的信息不对称。虽然近年来我国更加重视对食品安全的治理,同时也加强了政府对食品安全的监管,但是单纯依靠政府的监管并不能从根源上治理和解决食品安全问题。所以,要在继续加强政府监管力度的基础上,进一步提高政府监管的技术,还要借助全社会的力量以构建全方位的食品安全监管体系。     

食品安全的需求、供给与规制研究新进展

食品安全特性的均衡水平是由市场各方的力量博弈决定的,因而,食品安全问题不仅是一个社会问题和技术问题,更是一个经济学问题,其有效化解也迫切需要经济学分析的支持。国外关于食品安全的经济学研究起步较早,近年来的研究内容更是不断扩展,研究方法也在不断创新。文章从需求、供给和规制三个层面,对国外食品安全经济学研究的最新进展进行了梳理,发现近期的研究有三个特点值得关注：一是重视基于微观调查数据的实证研究;二是重视对企业控制措施和政府规制政策的作用机理研究;三是重视对公共规制之外的其他规制制度安排的研究。     

食品安全问题的政治经济学解读

食品安全问题的基本原因是经营者受经济利益驱动而实施的机会主义行为,这与食品使用价值的生产被异化、食品的价值表现被扭曲、资本逐利的本性被放大密切关联。为此,必须完善市场体系,建立有利于食品安全评价的标准体系和认证体系;完善市场准入制度,建立有利于实现优质优价的政策环境;完善食品安全责任体系,建立有利于来源可追溯、去向可查证、责任可追究的安全责任链。     

Consumer Concerns Relating to Food Labeling and Trust—Australian Governance Actors Respond

This study aims to report and critically analyze the responses of governance actors to a set of consumers' concerns relating to food labeling, and by doing so describe how these actors construct both consumer perspectives and the food policy environment in which they work. Fifteen food‐labeling governance actors in Australia and New Zealand were asked to view an online presentation of the findings from a previous study exploring consumer perspectives on food labeling and trust before completing a one‐hour, in‐depth, semi‐structured interview. Colebatch's social constructionist perspective on policy was adopted in the analysis. Participants used their own constructions of Australian food policy, the role of labeling and consumer trust as a means to minimize the consumer concerns. Inadequate critical engagement with the moral dimension of consumer concerns is a core driver of the inertia demonstrated in the Australian government's approach to addressing consumer concerns regarding food matters.     

Testing Implications of Spatial Economics Models: Some Evidence from Food Retailing

Under certain conditions, spatial economics models predict an increase in product price after entry of new competitors in a market area. However, a review of spatial economics models suggests new competitors should cause lower prices in urbanized markets, although the effect is dependent on distance between the existing and new firms. An empirical analysis of entry in a local retail food market supports this hypothesis for food products but not nonfood products.     

转基因食品强制标识制度在世贸组织框架内的法律分析

鉴于转基因食品可能存在不确定的风险,许多国家都要求对转基因食品进行强制标识。由于欧盟自1998年以来暂停批准转基因农产品在欧盟市场的准入申请,2003年5月,美国、加拿大和阿根廷在世贸组织提起针对欧共体的申诉。在该案的审理过程中,欧盟对转基因食品的强制标识制度也成为一个争议的问题,这给中国政府敲响了警钟。在中国,目前有农业部和卫生部的两个相关管理办法。本文根据世贸组织的相关规则,包括《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》、《技术性贸易壁垒协定》以及关贸总协定1994第20条,从实体和程序上对我国现行规定的合法性进行了具体分析,并提出了相应建议,以期为政府相关部门的决策提供参考。     

Spatial Economics: Implications for Food Market Response to Retail Price Reporting

Recent research has used the information theory approach to consider the effects of retail food price reporting systems (RFPRS) on price levels and interstore dispersions within metropolitan retail food markets. The information theory paradigm suggests that consumers may lack sufficient information to match preferences (price, product, service) with store offering. Although researchers have concluded that empirical findings generally support the information theory approach, a number of unanswered questions and inconsistent findings remain. This paper contributes to the debate by utilizing spatial microeconomic theory to provide answers to five questions posed by McCracken, Boynton, and Blake [22] in a recent Journal article. It is argued that price effects typically observed in RFPRS studies result primarily from alterations in the information to retailers, rather than consumers. Furthermore, inclusion of costly distance in the theoretical model leads to conclusions that are quite different from those derived by “spaceless” models.     

食品安全规制必要性的法经济学分析

从法经济学的视角看,食品安全问题的根源在于食品的品质具有隐蔽性,买卖双方之间存在严重的信息不对称。信息不对称会导致市场交易的负内部性或负外部性,从而使市场失灵;由于法律的不完备性,普通法制度的阻吓效果会被削弱。应创造监管职能,并且将这些职能赋予特定国家机关而非法庭,是对不完备法律引起的威慑失灵问题做出的回应。由特定国家机关对食品安全实施规制,是对市场和法庭的必要补充。     

An Open Mind Wants More: Opinion Strength and the Desire for Genetically Modified Food Labeling Policy

Two opposing viewpoints exist in the literature; some suggest consumers are unconcerned and do not desire any genetically modified labeling, while others indicate the opposite. The mixed results may be because consumers make finer distinctions than surveys have called for, and have evaluation schemes sensitive to information about the benefits and risks associated with genetically modified foods. We find consumers are quite nuanced in their preferences for genetically modified labeling policy. Unexpectedly, consumers with less‐defined views desire mandatory labeling of the most stringent type, while consumers with stronger viewpoints (either pro‐ or con‐genetically modified) are more relaxed in their labeling requirements.     

食品安全规制必要性的法经济学分析

从法经济学的视角看,食品安全问题的根源在于食品的品质具有隐蔽性,买卖双方之间存在严重的信息不对称。信息不对称会导致市场交易的负内部性或负外部性,从而使市场失灵;由于法律的不完备性,普通法制度的阻吓效果会被削弱。应创造监管职能,并且将这些职能赋予特定国家机关而非法庭,是对不完备法律引起的威慑失灵问题做出的回应。由特定国家机关对食品安全实施规制,是对市场和法庭的必要补充。     

老年经济学与老龄化经济学

作为新兴的经济学分支学科,老年经济学和老龄化经济学还有一些基础理论方面的问题需要研究.老年经济学和老龄化经济学是两个彼此独立又相互联系的经济学分支学科,它们彼此之间在研究对象、研究内容、基本假设和原则,以及理论支持体系等方面都存在着差别.对这些差别的认识将有助于我们对老年经济学和老龄化经济学分析的深入.     

老年经济学与老龄化经济学

作为新兴的经济学分支学科,老年经济学和老龄化经济学还有一些基础理论方面的问题需要研究.老年经济学和老龄化经济学是两个彼此独立又相互联系的经济学分支学科,它们彼此之间在研究对象、研究内容、基本假设和原则,以及理论支持体系等方面都存在着差别.对这些差别的认识将有助于我们对老年经济学和老龄化经济学分析的深入.     

重构流通经济学:基于商务经济学的视角

流通经济学研究的贫困问题不容忽视.主要原因在于学科的基本概念模糊、学科定位不准、没有一个科学的研究范式.但是,流通经济学的贫困不能否定流通经济学科的存在.通过构建商务经济学是解决流通经济学贫困的出路,它能够拓宽了流通经济学的研究领域和研究空间,使得流通、贸易、商业等术语使用混乱的状况得到改善.商务经济学可以加速内外贸学科一体化,突出电子商务的作用.