Play locally,learn globally: group selection and structural basis of cooperation

In group-structured populations, altruistic cooperation among unrelated group members may be sustainable even when the evolution of behavioral traits is governed by a payoff-based replicator dynamic. This paper explores the importance in this dynamic of two aspects of group structure: global or local interaction in a public goods game and global or local cultural transmission (learning) of behavioral traits. To clarify the underlying dynamic, I derive an extension of the Price equation for the decomposition of changes in the population frequency of a binary trait. I use this to analyze the effect of different structures of interaction and learning on within- and between-group variances of the frequency of cooperative behaviors and thereby on the evolution of cooperation. Of the four population structures given by global/local learning and global/local interaction, local interaction with global learning provides the most favorable environment for the evolution of cooperation. This combination of learning and interaction structures supports a high level of between-group variance in the frequency of cooperative types, so that most cooperators benefit from being in groups composed mostly of cooperators. However, while global learning is essential to the evolution of cooperation, cooperation is more robust when learning is not entirely global because local learning process, ironically, limits the extent to which defectors can free ride on cooperative group members.      

The effects of heterogeneous interaction and risk attitude adaptation on the evolution of cooperation

This paper addresses the evolution of cooperation in a multi-agent system with agents interacting heterogeneously with each other based on the iterated prisoner’s dilemma (IPD) game. The heterogeneity of interaction is defined in two models. First, agents in a network are restricted to interacting with only their neighbors (local interaction). Second, agents are allowed to adopt different IPD strategies against different opponents (discriminative interaction). These two heterogeneous interaction scenarios are different to the classical evolutionary game, in which each agent interacts with every other agent in the population by adopting the same strategy against all opponents. Moreover, agents adapt their risk attitudes while engaging in interactions. Agents with payoffs above (or below) their aspirations will become more risk averse (or risk seeking) in subsequent interactions, wherein risk is defined as the standard deviation of one-move payoffs in the IPD game. In simulation experiments with agents using only own historical payoffs as aspirations (historical comparison), we find that the whole population can achieve a high level of cooperation via the risk attitude adaptation mechanism, in the cases of either local or discriminative interaction models. Meanwhile, when agents use the population’s average payoff as aspirations (social comparison) for adapting risk attitudes, the high level of cooperation can only be sustained in a portion of the population (i.e., partial cooperation). This finding also holds true in both of the heterogeneous scenarios. Considering that payoffs cannot be precisely estimated in a realistic IPD game, simulation experiments are also conducted with a Gaussian disturbance added to the game payoffs. The results reveal that partial cooperation in the population under social comparison is more robust to the variation in payoffs than the global cooperation under historical comparison.     

关键共性技术合作网络演化机制研究——以医药产业为例

构建高效的技术合作网络是突破关键共性技术研发难题的关键，揭示技术合作网络演化机制对网络发展具有重要意义。以社会网络理论与随机统计理论为基础，将技术合作网络演化驱动因素归纳为属性驱动、同质驱动及结构驱动，基于医药产业关键共性技术合作专利数据构建技术合作网络，分析技术合作网络演化特征，同时采用指数随机图模型探究网络演化驱动机制。结果显示：网络演化过程中，仅有少数研发主体展开广泛而频繁的合作；研发主体研发能力与结构洞属性对技术合作网络演化无显著作用，但度中心性对网络演化的促进作用显著；网络演化具有显著的地理与组织同质效应；网络更倾向于形成星型结构与闭合三角结构，不倾向于形成开放三角结构。     

The evolution of human cooperation

We argue that cooperation is instinctual. Human cooperation conferred advantages to individuals in the ancestral environment in which evolution occurred. Explanations of the evolution of cooperation for any species (human, pre-human, and non-human) have to be consistent with the biological, physiological, and environmental constraints that existed in the ancestral environment during which evolutionary selection occurred. Our explanation is consistent with: (1) the anatomical evolution of humanity; (2) the paleontological and chronological evidence; and (3) modern biology.     

Evolution of vulnerability to pain in interpersonal relations as a strategic trait aiding cooperation

Why are humans so vulnerable to pain in interpersonal relations and can so easily hurt others physically and emotionally? We theoretically examine whether being offensively strong but defensively weak can evolve as a strategic trait that fosters cooperation. We study a population comprised of “thick-skinned” and “thin-skinned” agents by using an indirect evolution model that combines rational choice in strategic interactions with evolutionary selection across generations. We find that (a) the relatively vulnerable and cooperative thin-skins cannot evolve under purely random matching, (b) with some assortment thin-skins evolve and can take over the entire population, (c) vulnerability to greater pain makes it easier for thin-skins to evolve, and (d) proximate pain which merely feels bad but does not lower fitness helps thin-skins evolve even more than pain which accurately reflects fitness consequences. We draw contrast with the Hawk-Dove model and identify several ways in which rationality hinders the evolution of the relatively vulnerable and peaceful type of agent.     

Cooperation and cultural transmission in a coordination game

The aim of this paper is to analyze if cooperation can be the product of cultural evolution in a two-stage coordination game, consisting of a production stage followed by a negotiation phase. We present an overlapping generations model with cultural transmission of preferences where the distribution of preferences in the population and the strategies are determined endogenously and simultaneously. There are several groups in the society; some of them play cooperatively and others do not. Socialization takes place inside the group, but there is a positive rate of migration among groups which parents anticipate. Our main result shows that all groups converge to the cooperative equilibrium.     

基于网络信息的企业间研发合作网络演化特征研究

由于企业战略及外部环境多变,企业间研发合作网络呈现动态演化。以谷歌为例,通过获取Factiva数据库网络信息,构建以谷歌为核心节点的主体合作网络和参与网络叠加的二模网络,利用动态网络分析法探究研发合作网络的结构特征和内容特征。实证结果表明,在网络结构特征方面,谷歌研发合作网络的结构演化呈现明显的阶段性特征,网络规模不断扩大、网络联系不断增多;在网络内容特征方面,合作内容始终基于技术创新优势,合作伙伴出现跨产业变化,多产业研发合作模式出现,在倚重高年限企业的同时,逐渐倾向于初创型企业。谷歌研发合作网络演化特征不仅体现了谷歌发展原则和战略,而且为具有自身技术优势的企业选择合作伙伴提供了借鉴。     

演化经济学中的社会合作的起源问题

人类是我们能够观察到的,在没有血缘关系的个体之间,进行广泛而密切的合作的唯一物种,合作在某种意义上,成就了这一生物物种于自然界中的生存和发展.从演化经济学的视角,将制度演化理解为在一般生物演化中获得生物特征的同时获得社会特征的演化过程,进而寻求合作的社会起源.     

基于产学联合申请专利的合作网络动态演化研究

从社会网络视角,以1985-2016年产学联合申请并授权的专利数据为基础,运用社会网络分析方法,构建产学合作网络与跨区域合作网络,并分析合作主体的基本特征与合作网络动态演化过程。结果发现：中国产学合作模式从“一校-一企”向“多校-多企”转变,跨区域合作模式也从“一省-其它 一省”向“一省-其它-多省”演化,合作深度逐渐增加,但合作广度仍需进一步拓展;高校与企业在合作网络演化中相对稳定,参与合作的高校相对集中且多为综合性大学,企业合作集中在能源领域和高技术领域;“地理邻近”仍是制约产学合作的主要因素,总体上区域内合作数量占比依然大于跨区域合作;产学合作网络与跨区域合作网络具有显著的非对称性特征。     

产学研合作利益分配的博弈分析——基于创新过程的视角

产学研合作创新的活动过程,需经历基础研究、应用研究、开发、生产和商业化阶段。随着产学研合作创新的深入,影响合作利益分配的因素也发生相应的变化,目前关于产学研合作利益分配的研究大都忽略了创新过程的演进对于合作利益分配的因素的影响,基于此,本文在着重探讨创新过程演进与利益分配影响因素变化的基础上,依据创新过程对产学研合作创新进行阶段划分,将过程阶段的思想引入到产学研合作利益分配的研究之中,运用博弈论的相关理论建立基于创新过程的产学研利益分配模型,以期为实践中产学研合作的有效运行提供有意义的理论指导。     

绿色创新生态系统共生演化与培育机制

构建绿色创新生态系统是应对全球生态问题最有效的方法之一,准确把握绿色创新生态系统共生演化规律和培育机制,对绿色创新水平提升、经济社会可持续发展具有重大意义。因此基于生态系统理论、共生理论和演化博弈理论,对绿色创新生态系统共生演化模式、过程、稳定性及运行机制进行研究,旨在为企业和相关部门制定促进绿色创新发展战略和政策提供理论支撑和决策参考。研究结果表明：绿色创新生态系统两种群共生演化模式和稳定性,受两种群相互作用的共生系数和各自种群规模上限影响。绿色创新生态系统共生演化达到均衡状态时会形成不同的共生模式,其中互惠共生模式是系统共生演化最理想的状态。绿色创新生态系统共生发展以信任机制为基础,在共享机制、竞合机制、伙伴选择机制和价值分配机制的作用下,实现共生循环。     

智能网联汽车跨国技术合作网络结构特征与驱动机制研究

智能网联汽车技术研发具有高度复杂性和不确定性，跨国技术合作创新成为各国实现技术突破与引领的战略选择。运用社会网络分析方法和二次指派程序模型，以33023项专利为基础，探讨2006—2018年全球智能网联汽车跨国技术合作网络结构特征与驱动机制。结果表明，从技术发展萌芽期到成长期，参与智能网联汽车技术合作的国家数呈快速增长态势，但整体合作网络还不够完整和规范。美国是智能网联汽车跨国技术合作网络的集线器和枢纽，以美国、德国为首的传统科技强国在网络中占据绝对中心地位，网络具有明显的核心—边缘结构。块模型结果表明，智能网联汽车技术合作模式以核心国为中心，由核心国和强半边缘国主导。技术邻近性、社会邻近性、政策强度是智能网联汽车跨国技术合作网络演化的主要驱动力，正向影响跨国技术合作关系演化。地理距离与制度距离在智能网联汽车技术合作中的作用随时间推移变得不显著。智能网联汽车跨国技术合作网络驱动因素存在发展阶段、区域以及不同政策强度组合的“三维”异质性特征。各国应以更加开放的态度参与智能网联汽车技术研发合作，高度重视相关法规政策设计与实施，以实现国际技术合作创新与突破，推动全球传统汽车产业向智能化转型。     

湖南省面向泛珠三角区域经济合作对策研究

泛珠三角区域经济合作已进入实质性的阶段,作为“9 2”的一员,泛珠三角区域经济合作为湖南省加快发展提供了一个难得的机遇。文章在对湖南融入泛珠三角区域合作的意义、优势条件及障碍因素进行分析的基础上,从层面、领域及环境方面提出了参与泛珠三角区域经济合作的对策与措施。     

The credibility game: Reputation and rational cooperation in a changing population

Labor-managed firms often depend on voluntary cooperation to generate efficient levels of labor input. This paper shows how cooperation in Prisoner's Dilemma-like situations can be an equilibrium outcome, when rational individuals act so as to preserve reputations for cooperating. The theory developed here implies that (a) voluntary cooperation will be negatively related to population turnover, and (b) the relationship of community size to voluntary cooperation will have an inverted-U shape.     

创新生态系统协同创新合作机制研究

从进化心理学角度分析创新组织协同创新的发生及进化原理,基于不完全信息动态博弈对协同创新的发生及进化原理展开分析和推演,结果发现长期合作、直接利益、共同利益、商业信誉能够有效推动创新组织间协同创新。通过问卷收集一手资料,对上述结论进行实证检验。最后,提出构建创新生态系统协同创新合作机制的建议：将利益刺激作为原始驱动力,促使创新组织开启合作模式;扩大商业信誉影响力,为创新组织合作启动监督模式;重视长期合作效用,打造创新组织长效合作模式。     

Rotating the Necker cube: A bioeconomic approach to cooperation and the causal role of synergy in evolution

The paradox of widespread cooperation in an intensely competitive natural world has been a major focus of theory and research in evolutionary biology and related disciplines over the past several decades. While much of the earlier work in this vein was gene-centered and grounded in inclusive fitness (or kin selection) theory, more recent developments suggest that it might also be useful to view cooperation (and biological complexity) from a bioeconomic perspective. Here I will briefly explore the case for a paradigm shift, with special reference to the role of functional synergy as a distinct class of interdependent causal influences in evolution. I will argue that synergies of various kinds have been important drivers for cooperation in living systems at all levels. From this perspective, inclusive fitness and other factors may be enablers for cooperation, but the many exceptions show that genetic relatedness is neither necessary nor sufficient for the emergence of cooperative phenomena.     

基于利益分配的复杂产品协同创新网络合作行为演化研究

针对复杂产品协同创新中各类企业的不同利益诉求,基于复杂网络、公共品演化博弈等理论构建复杂产品协同创新网络利益分配演化博弈模型,对网络的合作行为演化进行仿真分析。研究发现:当协同创新合作需求不同时,利益分配结构要有所区别;在利益分配结构中考虑企业的投入与重要度可以减少企业的搭便车行为;当利益分配机制的制定缺乏一定的公平合理性时,可以通过调动骨干企业的合作积极性来提高网络整体合作水平。     

泛珠三角经济差异的时空演进和影响因素探析

泛珠三角是横跨东中西部,包含沿海发达地区和内地欠发达地区的经济合作区。探析泛珠区域内经济发展差异的时空演变格局,并利用空间计量方法对影响泛珠地区经济发展的因素进行实证研究。结果表明:泛珠三角地区以沿海城市群和内陆各省会城市为中心的中心-边缘结构分布显著;区域内空间自相关趋势在加强,空间集聚现象显著;从时间和空间维度上都表明内部经济差异在缩小,区域合作取得一定效果;人均GDP总体空间格局稳定,局域内发生演变,人均GDP增长速度的冷热点区域变化较为明显。空间计量表明,工业化对区域经济发展影响显著,城镇化是促进经济增长的重要途径,城镇劳动人口没能充分发挥作用,表现出城镇就业人口的规模不经济。     

基于技术创新模式的我国风电装备制造业创新能力分析

全球风电市场的发展为我国风电设备制造业的发展提供了机遇和有利条件。分析了我国风电设备制造业的发展现状,对该产业所采用的技术创新方法进行了分类,归结为模仿创新、合作创新和自主创新3种模式。基于此创新模式分类,绘制了我国主要风电设备整机制造企业的技术能力演变路线图,总结了技术创新模式对企业创新能力提升的影响,并指出模仿创新模式和合作创新模式已经不能满足我国风电设备制造业发展的需要,我国风电设备制造业只有在积极引进消化吸收国际先进技术的同时,通过自主创新,提高技术创新能力,开发更多具有核心技术和自主知识产权的产品,才能抓住发展机遇,走出困境,做大做强。     

欧洲研发合作计划的演变及模式研究

对欧洲若干重要的研发合作计划进行回顾,重点分析了框架计划和尤里卡计划的出台背景,以及它们后续的变化和相关计划的发展,从而勾勒出了欧洲研发合作的演变轨迹,并对两个面向产业界的科技合作模式进行了深入的分析和总结。