北京、西安等城镇居民生态支付意愿问卷调查

黄土高原地区实施退耕还林工程以后,工程区生态效益显著。本研究采用非市场评估方法对黄土高原地区退耕还林工程的生态效益进行评估。对北京、西安、安塞三地606户城镇居民的生态支付意愿问卷调查结果显示:城镇居民的生态意识较强,十分关注退耕还林等生态治理工程建设,半数以上的受访者愿意为退耕农民进行义务支付。     

Extrapolating experimental-auction results using a stated choice survey

During the last decade, experimental auctions and stated choice(SC) surveys have been widely used to study food demand. Thesemethods have complementary strengths and weaknesses. Experimentalauctions are limited by the availability of products and theuse of locally recruited participants, whereas SC surveys lackreal economic incentives. We use an SC survey to extrapolatethe results of an experimental auction to hypothetical productswith non-existing attribute combinations and to a representativesample of Norwegian consumers. The method is illustrated usingNorwegian consumers' preferences for country-of-origin and hormonestatus for beef.     

Willingness to Pay for Quality Labeled Meat in a Rural Area

The aim of this study is to identify consumer perceptions and attitudes toward quality labeled pork and beef using cross-sectional consumer data. Given the dramatic changes over the last years in the meat sector as a result of the recent food scares, the study can facilitate better communicating with consumers and gaining insight into their perceptions and behavior toward meat products. A consumer survey was conducted in the rural region of Thessaly in Greece in order to investigate (a) food quality perceptions, (b) attitudes toward pork and beef quality labels, and (c) intentions to purchase higher priced certified pork and beef. The findings suggest that sociodemographic and personal characteristics have an impact on consumer willingness to pay for such products and different market segments can be targeted by marketers and food policymakers.     

A meta-analysis of the willingness to pay for reductions in pesticide risk exposure

We review the empirical valuation literature on pesticide riskexposure and develop a taxonomy of environmental and human healthrisks associated with pesticide usage. Meta-analysis is thenused to investigate the variation in willingness to pay (WTP)estimates for reduced pesticide risk exposure. Our findingsshow that the WTP for reduced risk exposure is 15 per cent greaterfor medium, and 80 per cent greater for high risk levels, ascompared with low risk levels. The income elasticity of reducedpesticide risk exposure is generally not significantly differentfrom zero. Stated preference approaches based on choice experimentsand revealed preference provide lower WTP estimates than contingentvaluation techniques. Survey design, type of safety device (eco-labelling,integrated pest management, or bans) and chosen payment vehicleare important drivers of the valuation results.     

基于社会资本理论的农民灌溉水价支付意愿影响因素分析模型

从社会资本角度定量研究农民灌溉水价支付意愿影响因素,采用信任指数和互助指数对社会资本进行量化,结合开放式和二分式问卷格式,改进了获得农民灌溉水价支付意愿相关数据的引导技术,并采用多元线性回归方法建立了农民灌溉水价支付意愿影响因素定量分析模型。以皂河灌区为研究区域,通过问卷调查收集基础数据,采用提出的模型分析了各因素对农民灌溉水价支付意愿的影响情况。结果表明:社会资本是影响农民灌溉水价支付意愿的重要因素之一;农户主要劳动力人数、耕地面积、供水及时性、管水者工作能力等因素对农民灌溉水价支付意愿也具有显著影响。灌溉水价的改革,应重视农民社会资本并提高灌区供水服务水平等。     

中国马铃薯农户种植意愿及其空间差异

目的 探究不同区域农户马铃薯种植意愿的影响因素及其差别,能够提高农户种植马铃薯的能动性与积极性,为马铃薯主粮化进程提供决策参考。方法 文章基于1 261个农户样本调研,运用条件价值评估法和多元回归模型,从农户个体禀赋、生产经营、社会资源、市场认知、政策需求五个方面对农户支付与受偿意愿进行分析,在此基础上探讨影响马铃薯种植意愿的主要因素,再比较分析典型产区马铃薯种植影响因素。结果 马铃薯农户种植受偿意愿均值为4 069.5元/hm²,支付意愿均值为724.5元/hm²;马铃薯农户种植意愿受各项成本收益、农户受教育程度、家庭收入、社会资源、市场信息认知及政府补贴的影响较大;北方种植因素受规模和利润率的主导,南方更多受到家庭生产经营特征的综合影响。结论 个体决策影响群体决策,群体决策影响整体马铃薯种植空间格局变化。区域内农户采取基于种植约束、成本收益和政策支持的种植方案选择,通过有限区域范围的无限趋同决策,产生不同程度的种植集聚、产业集聚和市场集聚,进而影响马铃薯种植空间格局变化。     

基于Heckman模型的支付意愿及强度的影响因素研究——以大理州276个奶牛养殖户为例

[目的]农业非点源污染尤其是畜禽养殖业污染问题已成为我国亟需解决的环境问题之一。探讨农户参与畜禽养殖污染防控的支付意愿及支付强度,对政府制定相关政策具有指导性意义。[方法]基于大理州276个奶牛养殖户的调查数据,运用Heckman两阶段模型对农户参与洱海流域奶牛废弃物循环利用支付意愿及支付强度的影响因素进行了实证分析。[结果](1)62.68%的奶牛养殖户对参与奶牛废弃物的循环利用具有支付意愿;(2)户主受教育程度、家庭收入主要来源、奶牛养殖头数、耕地数量及牛粪还田方式等因素对奶农支付意愿的影响较为显著。其中,户主受教育程度、奶牛养殖头数、耕地规模及牛粪是否还田对奶农支付意愿的影响呈正相关,家庭收入主要来源呈负相关;而影响程度大小依次为:家庭收入主要来源牛粪是否还田户主受教育程度奶牛养殖头数耕地规模;(3)户主年龄、受教育程度和牛粪是否还田等因素对奶农的支付强度产生重要影响。其中,户主年龄对奶农支付意愿强度的影响呈负相关,而后两者表现为正相关。[结论]最后,提出了促进洱海流域奶牛废弃物循环利用的政策建议。     

Estimating Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Quality in the Presence of Item Nonresponse Bias

This article deals with the problem of item nonresponse in contingent valuation surveys using a payment-card method, by applying a grouped-data sample-selection estimation technique that is capable of imputing the missing values conditional upon a respondent's decision to answer a willingness-to-pay question. The advantage of the technique lies in its ability to utilize all of the information in the sample, permitting a more efficient estimation in the presence of item nonresponse bias. The major determinants of willingness to pay appear to be household income, number of children, education, perception of existing water quality, and identification with environmental issues.     

公众参与森林生态建设主观意愿的影响因素分析——基于支付意愿研究视角

在参考现有成果中关于支付意愿相关研究的基础上,选择了公众心理感知层面的内在驱动因素(主观意愿)博弈自愿支付行为决策的视角,运用探索性因素分析(EFA)、验证性因素分析(CFA)方法对影响东北地区公众参与森林生态建设支付意愿的主观意愿影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明:探索性主观意愿三因子模型(满意度、关注度、重视度)克伦巴赫系数为0.863;因子之间呈中高度相关,满意度与关注度、重视度呈负相关,与主观意愿总体呈正相关;主观意愿二阶潜变量结构方程模型路径系数分别为0.91、0.76、0.44,拟合优度指数GFI为0.997。     

Willingness to Pay and QALYs: What Can We Learn about Valuing Foodborne Risk?

This paper examines the value of reducing foodborne risk. Previous research on the valuation of health risk has been dominated by the study of mortality risk. However, in most cases foodborne illnesses are non‐fatal, so we focus on individuals' preferences for reducing morbidity risk, while also including a realistic, if remote, chance of death. We use a contingent valuation method on a Swedish sample and we estimate a value of a statistical illness consistent with previous findings in the literature. We also examine how willingness to pay (WTP) varies with the expected change in quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and estimate the WTP per QALY. We find that WTP increases with, though less than proportionally to, a change in QALYs. However, our results also suggest that respondents may have found it difficult to evaluate compound risks of both morbidity and mortality simultaneously.     

基于CVM的城市河道改造生态环境价值评估

从城市河道改造的生态环境价值评估角度,分析了条件价值评估法(CVM)在城市河道改造生态环境价值评估中的应用原理和依据,构建了基于CVM的城市河道改造生态环境价值评估模型,并以上海市黄浦江加高堤防替代建闸方案为例对黄浦江河道改造的生态环境价值进行了评估。结果表明：期望均值法和三相定价法计算得到的总支付意愿分别为120.6亿元/a和118.5亿元/a,总受偿意愿为130.8亿元/a和151.2亿元/a,总受偿意愿与总支付意愿的比值大于1;仅从生态环境价值方面看,相对于加高堤防方案,民众更希望政府投资建闸。     

社会互动对规模养殖户环保饲料支付意愿的影响研究*——基于改进的目标导向理论模型分析框架

［目的］通过引入社会互动变量改进目标导向行为理论框架,探讨生猪规模养殖户对环保饲料的支付意愿及其影响因素,为完善畜禽养殖污染防治政策提供参考借鉴。［方法］以湖北省生猪规模养殖户为研究对象,应用Heckman两阶段模型,研究规模养殖户对环保饲料的支付意愿。［结果］大多数规模养殖户（8134%）愿意采用环保饲料,且平均意愿支付水平为每头生猪饲料成本的669%（4680元/头）。社会互动中的干群互动、同行互动均能显著提升规模养殖户对环保饲料的支付意愿,但同时同行互动不利于其意愿支付水平的提升。进一步的异质性分析表明,在环保饲料支付意愿决策上,社会互动较少的规模养殖户更容易受到制度规范的约束,而社会互动较多的规模养殖户则更易受到感知养殖热情的影响。［结论］政府部门应加大生态环保宣传力度,并借助多种方式推动规模养殖户进行社会互动; 同时可依据社会互动程度的不同,分别制定相应措施以促进规模养殖户对环保饲料支付意愿的提升。     

对我国发展森林水文服务市场的相关问题探讨

以国际森林水文服务市场的发展动力、交易机制、市场参与者、交易范围等方面研究为基础,深入探讨了我国森林水文服务市场发展的2个问题:⑴从购买方、法律与政策、供应方的角度出发,探讨市场发展动力不足及如何进一步推动市场发展问题;⑵通过对流域下游公众森林水文服务意识、公众对森林水文有偿服务的态度及支付意愿的调查,对现阶段创建全流域森林水文服务市场的可能性进行探讨。     

Consumers' Willingness to Pay for Locally Produced Ground Beef: A Case Study of the Rural Northern Great Plains

This study examined consumers’ preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for locally produced ground beef with an emphasis on the impacts of product attributes and the heterogeneity caused by rural consumers’ characteristics. We applied the choice-based conjoint technique to analyze data collected from a typical rural town in the Northern Great Plains. The results indicate that location associated product brand differences and leanness were dominant components affecting consumers’ WTP. The premium of locally produced ground beef for consumers with a close tie to local production is $0.48/lb. Cut difference, grass-fed, and organic were trivial factors in determining consumers’ WTP.     

Revealing Preferences for Leisure Time from Stated Preference Data

When consumer choice is constrained by time as well as money, willingness to pay can be defined with respect to either numeraire. The two measures can be related formally within a utility-consistent model of choice subject to two constraints. Furthermore, when information is collected on both, the respondent's marginal value of time can be identified. A system of willingness to pay time and money and the marginal value of leisure time is estimated jointly in an application to California whalewatching and whale stock enhancement. The empirical approach can be applied with only minor additions to survey techniques for nonmarket valuation.