新疆生态补偿的财政转移支付的现状、问题与政策建议

过去的分税制改革所确立的财政转移支付制度不能适应人口、环境、资源等方面的协调发展,虽然财政转移支付制度和专项基金等政策对建立生态补偿机制具有重要作用,但现行转移支付制度还不能完全适应作为国家重点生态功能z的西部地区转移支付的需要,西部地区依然面临着保护和发展的现实困境.本文通过对新疆生态补偿与财政转移支付的现状和存在问题进行分析,并与西部地区整体情况进行对比,提出了应改革现有财政转移支付体系,并逐渐完善以生态补偿为主的财政转移支付制度的政策建议.     

关于加大中央对西部地区财政转移支付力度的思考

我国从1995年开始实施的财政转移支付政策，对实施“西部大开发”战略起到了很好的制度保证，但仍然存在一定的问题。文章通过分析中央财政对西部地区实行的财政转移支付现状及造成西部地区自身财政困难的原因，提出了要求中央加大对西部财政转移支付力度的具体政策建议。     

日本的转移支付制度及其借鉴

本介绍了日本政府间转移支付的框架及在经济发展中的重要作用。指出，在我国实行西部开发的过程中，我们有必要借鉴日本的转移支付制度，通过合理的转移支付，加快西部经济发展。     

新疆生态补偿的财政转移支付的现状、问题与政策建议

过去的分税制改革所确立的财政转移支付制度不能适应人口、环境、资源等方面的协调发展，虽然财政转移支付制度和专项基金等政策对建立生态补偿机制具有重要作用，但现行转移支付制度还不能完全适应作为国家重点生态功能区的西部地区转移支付的需要，西部地区依然面临着保护和发展的现实困境。本文通过对新疆生态补偿与财政转移支付的现状和存在问题进行分析，并与西部地区整体情况进行对比，提出了应改革现有财政转移支付体系，并逐渐完善以生态补偿为主的财政转移支付制度的政策建议。     

中央转移支付的减贫效应评估:基本事实、潜在机制和提升路径

中央"十四五规划和2035年远景目标的建议"明确指出要完善转移支出制度,加大对欠发达地区财力支持和推动西部大开发形成新格局.文章基于1978-2017年中国省级宏观数据,利用西部大开发自然实验识别了中央转移支付在区域和时间维度上的变异,采用双重差分法和三重差分法评估了中央转移支付的减贫效应.研究发现,中央转移支付对西部地区农村居民的减贫效应是存在的.具体而言,中央转移支付可以通过增加对人均农业支出、人均公共服务和人均人力资本的投入发挥减贫效应.进一步表明,在人力资本投资中,相对于教育人力资本投入,对健康的人力资本支出的减贫效果更好.农民基于理性选择的健康投资的收入回报率大于教育投资.此外,地方财政支出中过度偏向基本建设的投资方式会挤出对农业、公共服务和人力资本的支出比例,进而限制了中央转移支付的总体减贫效果.文章认为,通过优化地方财政支出结构和有针对性的惠民专项转移支付等举措,使财政资金向农民人力资本、基本公共服务、就业保障和农业生产等领域倾斜,有利于实现精准扶贫和财政资金的惠民目标,进一步释放中央转移支付的减贫效应.     

政府作用与欠发达地区的经济发展

我国地区经济差距长期存在,并有逐渐拉大的趋势.区域经济理论认为,政府在缩小区域经济差距,促进欠发达地区的经济发展过程中起重要作用.我国实施的西部开发战略,通过中央政府的财政转移支付和投资重点的倾斜等政策,有力地促进了西部地区经济社会的发展.     

“以钱养事”转移支付制度的问题及对策——以湖北省为例

财政转移支付资金是我国农村税费改革后地方政府重要的资金来源,也是"以钱养事"这一新机制重要的资金来源.目前我国财政转移支付制度不完善,转移支付资金的使用效率不高,已远远不能适应新农村建设的的需要.本文从完善我国现行转移支付体制对"以钱养事"这一新机制的重要意义出发,分析了用于农村税费改革的转移支付资金的使用问题,并结合西方发达国家经验提出相应的对策建议.     

西部财政转移支付制度的渐进式改革

今后一个时期西部转移支付制度改革,应体现渐进式改革的总体思路和指导原则;在转移支付规模保持既有水平下,对现行的无条件拨款和有条件拨款均进行大幅度的结构转换,逐步扩大无条件拨款有条件拨款的规模,消解非规范化的税收返还等补助形式.     

环境税的设计与西部地区生态环境建设融资

西部地区的生态环境建设对于西部开发以至国家的经济建设都具有重要意义。但是，西部地区的生态环境建设需要巨大的资金支持。本文分析了通过对消费者征收环境税，并通过国家财政转移支付的形式将税金转移支付给西部地区，以解决西部地区生态环境建设融资问题的可行性。同时，提出了如何通过消费者付环境税为西部地区生态环境建设融资的运行机制。     

西部大开发中财政转移支付的公共政策分析

西部大开发是一个社会、经济和文化全面发展的持久性的系统工程。适时适度地运用财政转移支付政策，对于优化资源配置、促进国民经济稳定增长、顺利实施西部大开发战略将具有十分重要的现实和深远意义。本文对西部开发中财政转移支付政策的作用、目标、方案设计、和政策选择进行深入分析，能为西部开发的重大战略行动顺利进行并取得最后的成功，提供有益的思路.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

研发过程模型优化——研发过程任意阶段知识运作模型研究

本文拟通过对三个现有研发过程模型的评述,结合其他相关文献的回顾以及当前企业界所能够提供的技术服务,对研发过程模型予以优化,并尝试提出了‘研发过程任意阶段知识运作模型”来探讨“知识在研发过程中究竟是如何运作的”的问题,以期能够为当前的企业界和学术界的研发过程运作模式的完善提供有益参考。