Efficient government size: France in the 20th century

The benefits and costs of government suggest an efficient government size. We investigate efficient government size by analyzing the relation between public spending and real GDP for France in the period 1896–2008. The results show a co-integration nonlinear relationship. Our time-series data on France represents one of the longest periods studied in literature. Our empirical findings suggest that efficient government size measured by public spending was reached when public spending was around 30% of GDP. Conclusions point to particularities of countries that suggest efficient government size is specific to different countries.     

19世纪以来的管理会计理论

管理会计的本质是会计和管理的有机结合,它在企业管理中起着十分重要的作用.管理会计的形成和发展受社会实践及经济理论的双重影响,本文纵观 19 世纪以来管理理论的发展过程,从而探讨不同阶段管理会计的内容及管理会计未来的发展方向.     

An operational econometric model of the Nigerian economy

This paper presents the recent version of a macroeconometric model of the Nigerian economy which is actually in operation for short term forecasting, policy analysis and projections. It derives from a series of modelling attempts and should provide insights into difficulties involved in modelling a major developing economy.     

A general dynamic model of 19th century U.S. population change

"The pattern of rural population growth in 23 northern states during the period 1790 to 1900 is examined using a general dynamic approach. The relationship between fertility, migration and population growth is analysed within a single settlement model and a control solution is produced which demonstrates that fertility and migration behaviour reacted to changes in land availability, eventually leading to population stability in rural areas."     

An econometric model of Kuwait's non-oil GDP

A model covering the production part of the non-oil GDP in Kuwait is specified and estimated for the period 1972-93. The estimated model has passed the test of validation quite well. Therefore, the model has been used to experiment with a number of possible scenarios to depict a future path of all the endogenous variables of the model. The postulated scenarios are adopted from the various policy options of Kuwait's Ministry of Planning. The results have indicated that a quick reform policy will cause a substantial decline in non-oil production and consumption. A better policy option would be to choose a policy between minor and gradual reform.     

Intergenerational Wealth Mobility in France, 19th and 20th Century

This paper examines intergenerational wealth mobility between fathers and children in France between 1848 and 1960. Considering wealth mobility in the long run requires taking into account not only positional mobility (that is, how families move within a given distribution of wealth), but also structural mobility induced by changes in the distribution of wealth. Such changes are related to two structural phenomena: in the nineteenth century, the rising number of individuals leaving no estate at death and, after World War I, the decline in the number of the very rich who could live off their wealth. The paper studies the movements between these groups and estimates the intergenerational elasticity of wealth, taking into account the persistence at the bottom and at the top.     

An econometric annual model of the real sector in Israel

This paper presents a small annual econometric model of the real sector in Israel. The model was built in the Israeli Economic Planning Authority and serves for both forecasting key real macrovariables and policy analysis. It is a first step towards the construction of a comprehensive econometric model of the Israeli economy. Unlike previous models, it is based on recent data.     

Territorial state capacity and elite violence from the 6th to the 19th century

We present new evidence for elite violence using regicide, the killing of kings, and investigate the role of the state in European violence between the 6th and 19th centuries. First, regicide is critically assessed as a proxy for interpersonal elite violence. Second, we propose ‘territorial state capacity’ as a measure of states being able to keep or even expand their territories. We find a negative correlation between the changes in territorial state capacity and the changes in elite violence. This could be interpreted in two ways, either that growing territorial state capacity enabled human society to reduce violence, or that a higher regicide rate resulted in lower territorial state capacity. Another possibility would be a bidirectional mechanism that resulted in a co-evolution of the two variables.     

An econometric model of the polish economy in the transition period

This paper discusses changes which took place in the Polish economy from 1990 to 1995. The analysis is provided by statistical and econometric methods, applying the mini-model of the national economy. The econometric model was originally estimated on the basis of monthly data covering January 1990 to December 1991. To verify the hypothesis that essential changes took place in the Polish economy during its transformation toward the market economy, the minimodel was re-estimated for the sample from January 1993 to June 1995. The parameter estimates evaluated for both periods are presented and discussed here, as well as new versions of these stochastic equations which did not have satisfactory statistical characteristics for the 1993–95 sample.     

Free trade and European economic development in the 19th century

This article is an attempt to analyse empirically the effects of the free trade period which began around 1860 on three then “less developed” countries: France, Germany and Italy, and on the “developed” country: Great Britain.     

WIFO-JMX—An annual econometric macro model of the Austrian economy

Zusammenfassung Das Jahresmodell WIFO-JMX, das in der vorliegenden Arbeit vorgestellt wird, ist primär ein mittelfristiges Modell. Bei seiner Spezifikation wurde daher der Angebotsseite große Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Wir verwenden eineCobb-Douglas Produktionsfunktion als langfristige Planungsbeziehung. Von dieser Produktionsfunktion werden dann Faktor-nachfragegleichungen für Arbeit und Kapital abgeleitet. Die Identität der Produktionsfunktionsparameter in beiden Faktornachfragefunktionen garantiert die Konsistenz der langfristigen Eigenschaften dieser Beziehungen. Weiters erlaubt diese Spezifikation Faktorsubstitution als Reaktion auf änderungen in den relativen Preisen. In einem mittelfristigen Modell sollte dieser Aspekt nicht vernachlässigt werden. Die so geschätzten Faktornachfragefunktionen wurden dann ihrerseits verwendet, um verschiedene Auslastungsmaße herzuleiten. Wir unterscheiden hier zwischen Kapazitäts-, Vollbeschäftigungs- und Potentialproduktion.Es verwundert nun nicht weiter, daß ein mittelfristiges Modell kurzfristige Konjunkturschwankungen eher ungenau abbildet. Da aber gerade kurzfristige Prognoseprobleme im Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung breiten Raum einnehmen, haben wir eine spezielle Prognoseversion von WIFO-JMX entwickelt. Diese Version ist in ihrer theoretischen Struktur wesentlich einfacher. Wir ließen hier das Produktionsfunktionskonzept fallen, was den Simultanitätsgrad des Modells beträchtlich reduzierte. Erste Tests der Treffsicherheit der mit dieser Modellversion erstellten Prognosen verliefen zurfriedenstellend.Es soll jedoch nicht verschwiegen werden, daß beide Modellversionen noch recht unvollständig sing. Der monetäre und der öffentliche Sektor fehlen zur Zeit völlig, die Zahlungsbilanz wird gegenwärtig äußerst rudimentär behandelt. Wir beabsichtigen, dieses Basismodell nun nach und nach zu einem vollständigen Gleichungssystem der österreichischen Wirtschaft auszubauen. Dabei ist uns völlig bewußt, daß der vielleicht schwierigere Teil der Arbeit noch vor uns liegt. Denn für den monetären und den öffentlichen Sektor müssen wir Ansätze entwickeln, die den von ausländischen Erfahrungen hier teilweise stark abweichenden österreichischen Gegebenheiten Rechnung tragen.     

Compliance leadership: the 17th century model that doesn't work

The world of health care has changed. We can't operate on 17th century models and be successful. We don't have to argue for the movement to committed, inspired leadership models, and the death of compliance leadership. There is abundant research to document this is the way we must go. In reality, we have a moral obligation to provide the kind of work environment that provides the meaningful work that Maslow (1998) tells us makes life meaningful. No one has the right to make people miserable at work because we have failed to create the cultures that create commitment, inspiration, and transformation for our patients, their families, and our staff. It is unfortunate that in times of staff shortages, this message is heard louder. We should be equally committed no matter what the situation, because it is the right thing to do. We do not have the right to be abusive to others in any context.     

Cultural barriers to market integration: Evidence from 19th century Austria

I explore the relationship between culture and market integration using data from 19th century Austria and find that religious, not ethnic, differences between regions increase price differentials for grains. I argue that an important mechanism is cultural patronage in the placement of transportation infrastructure. The results show that railroad construction was more intensive between religiously similar places and that religious diversity within regions is negatively correlated with road and rail density. As a secondary mechanism, I argue that regions with more religious diversity enjoyed greater competition in agricultural markets after the elimination of religious discrimination in land tenure institutions. The results support this hypothesis, showing that within regions, religious diversity is negatively correlated with grain prices. The findings highlight the importance of culture and institutions in economic development and are relevant for culturally diverse regional economies today.