浅谈非自愿移民的贫困问题——以洪家渡水电站库区为例

水库区非自愿移民是在现代化发展过程中大批水库兴修而产生的,国家对非自愿移民的后期安置采取了一系列的措施,但是贫困问题仍然普遍存在于这些移民的生活中。本文以洪家度库区非自愿移民的贫困问题为例,探讨了造成非自愿移民长期贫困因素并提出自己的建议。     

非自愿搬迁与移民教育代际流动性：影响效应与作用机制

本文基于移民教育代际流动性视角探讨了非自愿搬迁对移民教育公平的影响,在此基础上进一步分析了移民教育代际梯次流动与跨越式流动的模式,并利用三峡库区非自愿搬迁移民调研数据进行了实证检验。结果显示：非自愿搬迁显著提高了移民教育代际流动性,有利于促进教育代际公平发展。异质性与机制分析发现,相比市内安置和后靠安置,市外安置和非后靠安置更有利于改善移民教育代际流动性;宏观受教育机会环境、家庭社会交往环境以及个体同伴相处环境在非自愿搬迁改善移民教育代际流动性过程中起到了积极的强化作用。此外,在不同教育层级上非自愿搬迁对移民教育代际流动性的影响呈现非对称性特征,非自愿搬迁对移民教育代际流动性的改善主要发生在较低教育层级,且在该层级上移民教育有明显的代际跨越式向上流动,但移民并未明显由较高教育层级代际梯次流向更高教育层级。本文的研究发现对基于教育代际流动规模和质量双重视角保障移民教育公平具有重要的政策启示。     

大型工程非自愿移民的人力资本失灵——对南水北调中线工程的实证分析

本文通过对南水北调中线工程库区移民的研究发现,经历过一次非自愿搬迁的二次移民的人力资本对贫困状态的改善存在着失灵的现象。这是由于强行使非自愿移民离开原有的熟悉的生产和生活环境,造成人力资本积累的断裂,人力资本的效率大大下降。因此,需加强对非自愿移民的针对性技能培训,增强移民对新生活新环境的适应能力,使人力资本存量重新发挥作用。     

公众参与和协商在非自愿移民中的作用

非自愿移民安置是指由于发展项目建设而导致的被迫移民，而不同行业的建设项目又产生不同类别的移民。如城市基础设施建设项目产生的移民称作被拆迁或被房屋拆迁安置的人口，其他还有如铁路、公路，能源建设项目而搬迁的移民称为征地和房屋拆迁人口。因此非自愿移民具有政策性强、涉及面广、技术复杂的特点。     

移民边缘化风险及其对策研究——以失地农民为例

移民越来越引起人们关注,特别是非自愿移民（工程移民、生态移民等）,在移民安置过程中,许多地区出现了贫困问题。有关移民专家的研究表明,引起移民贫困的风险主要有八种,分别是丧失土地、失业、失去房屋、边缘化、食物没有保障、发病率和死亡率的增加、失去享有公共财产和服务的权利以及社会解体。当然,导致移民贫困的风险并不是只有以上几种;     

三峡库区已安置移民弱势群体生存与发展问题研究

文章集中论述了三峡库区已安置移民弱势群体的界定、构成及其已安置移民弱势群体生存和发展所面临的问题 ,并以此寻求解决问题的路径和措施。     

我国非自愿移民土地补偿政策分析研究

中国改革开放以来所进行的大规模经济建设,尤其是水利水电工程的修建,产生了大量的非自愿移民.本文主要对移民补偿政策的核心问题土地补偿制度进行了经济学分析,认为水力发电集团利用买方垄断势力压低土地生产要素的价格,移民的财产权益受到损害.因此,应对我国目前的移民经济补偿政策和补偿机制进行改革,以构建和谐社会的社会主义市场经济秩序.     

三峡外迁农村移民社区适应现状研究——来自江苏省大丰市移民安置点的调查

三峡外迁移民是一个特殊的边缘、弱势群体。通过对江苏省大丰市移民安置点的考察,从社区生活环境、人际关系、生产劳动方式、风俗习惯描述了外迁移民社区适应状况,分析了影响移民社区适应的主体因素,提出了针对性的建议。     

三江源生态移民选择性及对三江源生态移民效果影响评析

将课题组2009年在青海省三江源地区5个移民村的调查数据和迁出区与迁入区的非移民数据进行对比,运用迁移差别指数对三江源生态移民的特征作了分析。由于是以家庭为单位的迁移,三江源生态移民在年龄、性别、文化程度、民族结构等方面的选择性不强,但生态移民的家庭规模却呈现普遍小于非移民家庭的特征,另外,生态移民迁移前草场面积和牛羊头数平均低于非移民家庭。这种选择特征不利于三江源生态移民工程保护三江源生态环境目标的实现。从今后的政策应对上提出了建议。     

弱势群体合法权益的司法保护——从民事诉讼的视角分析

由于我国对弱势群体的保护,迟迟未能纳入法治的轨道,直到<法律援助条例>的颁布,弱势群体保护才有了司法保护的径由.但司法机关在民事诉讼中应如何界定弱势群体、保护弱势群体合法权益的意义何在、如何为弱势群体提供司法保护却没有得到统一的认识,随着中国社会转型和经济的发展,弱势群体保护问题凸现.如何加强保护弱势群体已关系到社会稳定,可持续和谐发展.因此,加强弱势群体的法律保护,将成为当前社会变革及结构转型时期的重要课题.     

Parasitic-Industries Analysis and Arguments for a Living Wage for Women in the Early Twentieth-Century United States

This paper examines arguments by activists and economists surrounding attempts to establish minimum wages for women in the United States in the Progressive Era. In particular, the paper focuses on analyses based on Beatrice and SidneyWebbs' argument that industries paying less than a living wage were "parasitic" on the society, a net drain on macro-efficiency. This analysis, widely accepted among economists of the time, viewed women as particularly vulnerable workers facing labor markets that were institutionally constructed and predatory. Unequal gender roles, employer power, and the absence of collective bargaining could all result in wages that were socially unacceptable as well as economically nonoptimal. These debates offer insights for modern feminist wage theories, and for current living wage campaigns.     

Migration and pension

"Migration has important implications for the financial soundness of the pension system.... While it is common sense to expect that young migrants, even if low-skilled, can help society pay the benefits to the currently elderly, it may nevertheless be reasonable to argue that these migrants would adversely affect current young since, after all, the migrants are net beneficiaries of the welfare state. In contrast to the adverse effects of low skilled migration in a static model, [the authors] show that in a Samuelsonian overlapping generations model...migration is a Pareto-improving measure. All the existing income (low and high) and age (young and old) groups living at the time of the migrant's arrival would be better off."     

Terrorism and the closure of society: A social-impact projection

A social-impact projection of terrorism in the United States is presented in the ligth of recent conceptual and methodological developments. The projections proper explore the effect of a terrorist climate on: demography,security, and the cost of living, letter and spirit of the law, paramilitary groups, and mental health. It is suggested that the most effective way of halting terrorism rests in the formula of “mass times velocity equals impact.” This entails a swift and massive application of force that leaves society vulnerable to militarization, the possibility of a “garrison state,” and an overall closure of society in general.     

Migration and the phases of population redistribution

This paper describes a framework for major historical settlement patterns, the major stages of population redistribution that accompany such migration, and the other forms of migration that occur within a given settlement pattern. Using a top-down approach has the advantage of tying together a number of diverse types and patterns of migration from differing historical periods and geographic areas. This broad macro level framework is one in which the level of social and economic interaction increases with economic development. With increasing economic development comes the need for greater interaction through the exchange of goods and the establishment of commercial and administrative functions for society. Explanation of the changing trends in population redistribution requires a detailed look at the phases of population redistribution: 1) initial urbanization, 2) frontier expansion, 3) traditional urbanization, 4) overurbanization, 5) suburbanization, and 6) metropolitan and nonmetropolitan turnaround. Less massive migration movements occur within a given settlement pattern as adjustments are made in the population distribution to reflect the relative economic fortunes of competing subunits of the society. In addition, migration may occur with little or no population redistribution because the net migration cancels out a differential in natural increase between subunits, or because the gross in-migration and out-migration cancel out and produce close to zero net migration. Lastly, research on the current migration turnaround from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas, emphasizing the change in social interactions from face to face contact to a society in which a large portion of interactions can be performed at a distance, is suggested.     

进城农民工熟人社会网络何以延续?——基于信任视角的分析

从信任视角出发,探讨进城农民工熟人社会网络延续的内在机制。进城农民工熟人社会网络的延续主要源于来自农民工群体内的拉力和城市社会的推力。农民工群体内的拉力包括:迟早要回到一种重复性博弈的农村生活状态、初级群体的社会相似性和对成员声誉的了解、弱势群体地位的影响。城市社会外群体的推力主要指:农民工的社会污名化、农民工对城市社会风险的自觉规避、信任机制的缺失。     

The Economic Impact of Medical Migration: A Receiving Country's Perspective

This paper seeks to determine the macroeconomic impacts of migration of skilled medical personnel from a receiving country's perspective. The resource allocation issues are explored in theory, by developing an extension of the Rybczynski theorem in a low-dimension Heckscher–Ohlin framework, and empirically, by developing a static CGE model for the UK with an extended health sector component. Using simple diagrams, an expansion of the health sector by recruiting immigrant skilled workers in certain cases is shown to compare favorably to the long-term (short-term) alternative of using domestic (unskilled) workers. From a formal analysis, changes in nonhealth outputs are shown to depend on factor-bias and scale effects. The net effects generally are indeterminate. The main finding from the applied model is that importing foreign doctors and nurses into the UK yields higher overall welfare gains than a generic increase in the NHS budget. Welfare gains rise in case of wage protection.     

Structural Operations and Net Migration Across European Union Member Countries

This paper analyzes the effects of international transfers to finance infrastructure on net migration flows among countries within the EU. A new economic geography model is employed with common pool financed infrastructure investments to derive a set of empirically testable hypotheses about the effects of transfer payments to finance infrastructure investments on migration. A significant effect of structural fund expenditures is identified on the bilateral net migration of workers among the EU member countries. On average, a one percentage point increase in the expenditures on structural funds (in per cent of gross domestic product (GDP)) leads to a reduction in the measure of bilateral net migration by about 0.4–0.8%.     

Efficient migration and redistribution

It has often been noted that the brain drain may be abetted by highly progressive tax systems in the regions which are likely sources for emigration by those with the most income-earning potential. This paper presents the case in favour of such policies. The underlying assumption here is that there are productivity differences between regions, and that emigration of the most skilled workers from less productive regions increases the overall value of national output. The problem lies in sharing these gains with the less-skilled workers left behind in the low-productivity region. If national governments can transfer income among regions, but if the transfers cannot be targeted to particular individuals, then there is a trade-off between equity and efficiency. Generous transfers redistribute the gains, but tend to impede efficient migration, since prospective migrants will only emigrate if their earnings, net of all fiscal transfers, and net of migration costs, are higher in the destination region. Greater tax progressivity in the source region helps relax a constraint, and make the trade-off less difficult.     

Trade,poverty, and social protection in developing countries

How do shifts in trade affect social protections for the poor? Although the fraction of the world's population considered the “extreme” poor has fallen by over one-half over the past quarter century, many of those lifted above the global poverty line remain vulnerable to shocks that could place them back into poverty. These are the groups that require social protection to stabilize their incomes. Among the shocks to which the absolute poor have been exposed are those created by trade liberalization, particularly of the agricultural sector. The resulting risks, uncertainties, and threats to social stability from this type of trade require that the poor be provided with some forms of adjustment assistance. We examine the effects of trade components on several dimensions of social protection in developing countries, including spending, coverage, and adequacy over the past two decades. We find that, contrary to previous studies, disaggregating trade may be a key to determining which international market variables drive expansion of social protection. Disaggregating trade balances in agricultural vs. manufactured goods reveals that net food and agricultural exporters provide better social protection than countries that report agricultural trade deficits. Meanwhile, countries with manufacturing trade surpluses tend to experience reduced social protection coverage. We reason that governments of net agricultural exporters face incentives to invest in social programs that extend eligibility to the rural poor. Manufacturing export-driven economies, on the other hand, are likely participants in global production chains that limit the capacity of the public sector to extend social protection.     

Cooperation and cultural transmission in a coordination game

The aim of this paper is to analyze if cooperation can be the product of cultural evolution in a two-stage coordination game, consisting of a production stage followed by a negotiation phase. We present an overlapping generations model with cultural transmission of preferences where the distribution of preferences in the population and the strategies are determined endogenously and simultaneously. There are several groups in the society; some of them play cooperatively and others do not. Socialization takes place inside the group, but there is a positive rate of migration among groups which parents anticipate. Our main result shows that all groups converge to the cooperative equilibrium.