The Composition of the Human Capital Stock and the Factor Content of Trade: Evidence from West(ern) Germany

This study reports the results of a factor content analysis of the sources of West Germany's comparative advantage in 1976, 1980 and 1984, using highly disaggregated skill variables. The county is found to be most abundant in certain skilled manual occupations and a very limited number of professional and technical occupations. The results differ markedly from those reported in similar studies for the UK and the US. The importance of intercounty productivity diferences and the implications of using only a subset of the economy, i.e. manufacturing, in the calculations are assessed. While using only a subset of the economy might have been appropriate in the past when services trade was relatively unimportant, this is no longer the case, especially for Germany with its diferent performance in goods and services trade. It is argued that the explanatory power of comparative advantage as a basis for trade among similarly developed countries is much higher than is commonly perceived when human capital is disaggregated into detailed skill categories that allow the recognition of different skill mixes between countries. The use of a disaggregated ‘labour-based’ neoclassical trade theory is advocated.     

Bargaining with Transnational Corporations: The Case of Shanghai

This study addresses the power relationship between TNCs and their partners in the host region, a question that critically affects regional development in this globalizing world. Site interviews suggest Shanghai’s special standing in China, providing it with stronger power in bargaining with TNCs than any other region in the country. Shanghai has thus gained tremendous benefits in technology transfer and managerial skill improvement. Company studies further reveal that the bargaining relationship between TNCs and local companies differs according to many factors. The level of ownership is determined by competition between both sides in terms of capital strength, technology level and marketing capability. The level of localization is affected by the previous status of the local partner, the size and development of the domestic market and the capability of the local manager. The change of one region’s bargaining power is also related to the power of other (potential) competition regions. The degree of regional economic imbalance between regions within a country tends to be enlarging in the process of global-local interaction mediated by TNCs. — Cette étude concerne les relations de pouvoir entre les entreprises transnationales et leurs partenaires dans la région d’accueil, une question qui affecte de façon critique le développement régional dans un monde qui se globalise. Shangaï a une position spéciale en Chine qui lui donne plus de pouvoirs que n’importe quelle autre région du pays pour négocier avec les entreprises transnationales. Shangaï a donc acquis des avantages importants dans le transfert des technologies et dans le perfectionnement des compétences des cadres. Les études de firmes révèlent que les relations dans les négociations entre les entreprises transnationales et les entreprises locales changent selon de nombreux facteurs. Le niveau de propriété est déterminé par la compétition entre les deux parties quant au pouvoir du capital, au niveau technologique et à la capacité de commercialisation. Le changement des pouvoirs de négociation d’une région est aussi lié au pouvoir des autres régions qui pourraient lui faire concurrence. Le niveau de déséquilibre économique régional entre les régions d’un pays tend à s’accentuer dans le processus d’interaction local-global dont les entreprises transnationales sont le médiateur.     

中国企业海外并购的人力资本保护

本文概述了我国企业海外并购的现状,分析了海外并购过程中人力资本流失的原因,从并购前、并购中和并购后三个方面阐述了对目标企业进行人力资本保护的措施,并提出人力资本向组织资本转化的一些建议.     

论跨国公司的“价格歧视、策略

国人早已关注到这一现象：一些外国的产品,在我国市场上的销售价格反而低于该产品在生产国本国的销售价格。如日本的富士胶卷和美国的柯达胶卷在我国的售价远远低于其在日本和美国的售价。对这一“胶卷现象”,有人解释是外国生产厂家占领中国市场的惯用手段－早期低价倾销占市场,后期高价赚利润;也有人解释是由于我国民族工业的支柱－乐凯胶卷的价格牵制作用。这些解释当然不无道理。     

Productivity Gains from Geographic Concentration of Human Capital: Evidence from the Cities

Based on recent theoretical developments the argument is made that the average level of human capital is a local public good. Cities with higher average levels of human capital should therefore have higher wages and higher land rents. After conditioning on the characteristics of individual workers and dwellings, this prediction is supported by data for Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) in the United States, where the SMSA average levels of formal education and work experience are used as proxies for the average level of human capital. The alternative explanations of omitted SMSA variables and self-selection are evaluated. An estimate of the effect of an additional year of average education on total factor productivity is computed.     

技术创新型人力资本持续创新力形成机制研究

企业竞争的成败取决于企业技术创新能力,技术创新能力已成为企业核心能力的源泉。作为企业技术创新行为主体的技术创新型人力资本的开发和管理已成为制约我国企业技术创新的主要因素。     

Convexity and Sheepskin Effects in the Human Capital Earnings Function: Recent Evidence for Filipino Men

The issue of possible non-linearities in the relationship between log wages and schooling has received a good deal of attention in the literature. This paper uses data from a recent, high quality household survey for the Philippines, the 1998 Annual Poverty Indicator Survey (APIS), to test the fit of the log-linear specification for Filipino men. The results are based on a number of estimation strategies, including spline regressions, and semi-parametric regressions with a large number of dummies for years of schooling and experience. The basic conclusions of the paper are two. First, there appear to be large differences between the rates of return to education across levels in the Philippines. In particular, the returns to both primary and secondary education are lower than those for tertiary education, a difference which persists even after correcting for differences in direct private costs across levels. Second, within a given level, the last year of schooling is disproportionately rewarded in terms of higher wages. That is, there are clear sheepskin effects associated with graduation from primary school, secondary school, and university.     

上市公司资本结构与企业绩效的实证分析

本文应用混合数据采用载面分析与TSCS分析方法,对我国上市公司资本结构与企业绩效的关系进行了实证研究,得出它们之间负相关的结论。     

Capital Budgeting and Political Risk: Empirical Evidence

This paper surveys and investigates Swedish firms' use of capital budgeting techniques for foreign direct investments. We document that the use of the theoretically correct net present value method decreases with the political risk in the host country, and that the use of the Payback method increases with the political risk. We conclude that in the presence of capital market imperfections, unsystematic and country-specific political risks are important. Because these risks are difficult to estimate (rendering high deliberation costs) managers are inclined to use simple rules of thumb for their capital budgeting decisions. Our results can partly explain why surveys find that alternative methods such as the Payback method are frequently used despite their theoretical drawbacks.     

产融结合视角下的资本形成与经济增长

本文基于新古典经济增长模型,研究资本形成促进经济增长的内在机制。国外资本、金融资本与真实资本三者之间要适度发展,资本形成不足或过度均会对经济增长产生不利影响;如果资本的形成过程和转换机制由市场主导,偏离适度的资本在市场机制下就会自动恢复到适度状态,从而促进经济增长。对国外资本、金融资本、真实资本与经济增长之间关系的实证检验发现,金融资本深化率和国外资本与开放经济条件下社会总资本比率的提高,以及金融结构与融资结构的改善对经济增长有正向促进作用,而真实资本深化率和金融资本与真实资本比率的提高对经济增长却呈现出负相关关系。     

人力资源管理和企业的发展契合性

当今社会,各行业及其企业发展日新月异,对人力资源管理的重视程度也逐渐提高,但是不少企业管理者的人力资源管理观念落后,造成企业人力、物力浪费的同时却无法提高工作效率、效果。文章从企业发展的角度对不同时期人力资源管理进行探讨,论述如何在保证企业总体战略实施的基础上,在不同阶段对企业的人力资源管理作出相应的规划和改变,以保证企业始终保持旺盛的生命力。     

人力资源管理和企业的发展契合性

当今社会,各行业及其企业发展日新月异,对人力资源管理的重视程度也逐渐提高,但是不少企业管理者的人力资源管理观念落后,造成企业人力、物力浪费的同时却无法提高工作效率、效果。文章从企业发展的角度对不同时期人力资源管理进行探讨,论述如何在保证企业总体战略实施的基础上,在不同阶段对企业的人力资源管理作出相应的规划和改变,以保证企业始终保持旺盛的生命力。     

中小型高新技术企业人力资本投资与企业发展研究 ——基于系统动力学理论视角

高新技术企业人力资本投资对于企业的生存和发展起着重要的作用。鉴于人力资本投资是一个复杂的动态过程,文章运用系统动力学原理和方法,建立中小型高新技术企业人力资本投资的系统动力学模型,结果发现中小型高新技术企业发展缓慢且人力资本投资过程中科研人员数量和技术人员数量均呈现先下降后缓慢上升的发展状态。针对模拟结果提出了高新技术企业人力资本投资策略,旨在为高新技术企业人力资本投资提供参考。     

中小企业融资问题的要素禀赋理论分析

探讨我国中小企业在国民经济发展中的重要地位及其融资困难的根本原因，并提出解决方法。首先根据赫-俄理论，分析了我国的要素颤赋结构特征并指出大力发展中小企业符合我国的要素禀赋结构和比较优势，最具竞争力。分析了我国中企业在发展中遇到的阻碍因素和不公正的政策待遇，同时指出制约发展的“瓶颈”是融资困难并对其根本原因作了详尽的分析，对如何解决我国中小企业融资困难问题提出了相关的政策建议。     

试论企业道德资本的形成

企业道德资本已成为研究经济伦理的重要视角。本文试图将企业的人、事、物和由这三要素组织起来的企业管理制度与道德相结合进行研究,以期在道德力量的支援下,让企业运作更具效益,达到最佳状态,从而将柔性的道德渗透形成企业的无形资本,即道德资本。     

人力资本增长与人力资源开发

人力资本积累不仅具有递增收益特征，而且还能部分地替代物质资本，事实上，人力资源已成为全球国民财富中的第一资源，劳动力资源充足是我国惟一的比较优势。因此，根据我国社会发展不同阶段，本文对人力资源开发的需求标准、增长规律以及制约因素作了分析并对我国现行的人力资源开发的体制与政策提出了更为合理的建议。     

试论人力资源与人力资本的判别标准

针对目前人力资本与人力资源混用较普遍的现象,从马克思对资本本质的认识及西方经济学家对资本本质的探讨出发,对人力资本和人力资源从本质上进行认识,提出以"人的体力和能力是否处于生产过程中"作为人力资源与人力资本的判别标准,并进一步强调人力资源培育及向人力资本转化的重要现实意义。     

商誉的构成要素:基于清算企业无形资本损耗的研究

关于商誉的构成要素,学界对此众说不一,本文以企业清算为研究背景,对企业清算中未予评估处理的无形资本进行了分析介绍,认为企业清算中损耗的无形资本包括:依附于企业的人力资本、企业的组织资本和企业的社会资本,并认为这些无形资本是构成企业商誉的要素,为理解商誉的价值源泉提供了一个新的角度。     

我国上市公司盈利能力与资本结构的实证分析

企业盈利能力是企业财务分析的重要内容之一,企业资本结构是否合理直接影响公司经营业绩和长远发展。本文选取了主要影响企业盈利能力的4个指标（销售净利率、销售毛利率、资产净利率、净资产收益率）,利用主成分法提供的方法对其进行综合得分评价,并与影响企业资本结构的主要指标资产负债率进行相关分析与回归分析,得出企业盈利能力与资本结构的关系。