国际竞争法的制定前景

当前,越来越多的国家制定了自己的国内竞争法,在国际层面,各国的竞争法也表现出一定的融合趋势.然而,要制定一部统一的国际竞争法,国际社会还有很长的一段路要走.     

Consumer responses to mobile coupons: The roles of shopping motivation and regulatory fit

Retailers increasingly use mobile coupon services to deliver promotional offers to consumers. This paper draws on the theory of regulatory focus to explain mobile coupon redemption. The paper proposes that redemption depends on the extent to which a mobile coupon requires consumers to divert from their focal shopping motivation. Regulatory fit, the perception of receiving an offer that is relevant to consumers' regulatory goals, mediates this divergence effect, but only for utilitarian shoppers. Results from two scenario experiments support the main hypothesis and show that utilitarian shoppers perceive greater regulatory fit when an offer is compatible with their focal shopping motivation. In contrast, hedonic shoppers perceive no difference in regulatory fit when an offer diverts them from their focal shopping motivation. This explains why hedonic shoppers redeem a wider variety of offers than utilitarian shoppers and why utilitarian shoppers require more personalization to generate coupon redemption.     

论估价机构对抵押估价的风险管理

2006年3月1日起施行的<房地产抵押估价指导意见>,将抵押估价的谨慎性原则放到了十分显要的地位,增加了估价师的执业难度,加重了估价机构的责任,对估价机构的风险管理能力提出了更高的要求.估价机构必须识别抵押估价中存在的政策风险、业务风险、查勘风险、技术风险、惯例风险、道德风险和执业风险;加强对估价的内外环境的监控,设专人对风险因素进行全程跟踪;通过明辨抵押价值、避免曲解误用、完善质量控制、保持执业能力、推行职业保险等应对措施来防范抵押估价的风险.     

Assessing the antecedents of transfer intentions in a training context

This study examined the underlying structure of transfer climate and those aspects of transfer climate that were related to pre‐training self‐efficacy, pre‐training motivation, and post‐training transfer implementation intentions. Positive and negative affectivity (PA and NA) were also measured in order to better understand the relationship of these variables to trainees’ perceptions of the transfer climate and the other training‐related variables. Transfer climate was best represented by two underlying constructs, although these were correlated. After controlling for PA and NA, none of the transfer climate variables were significantly related to pre‐training self‐efficacy, while only positive reinforcement was significantly related to pre‐training motivation. Pre‐training self‐efficacy was also a significant predictor of pre‐training motivation, even after controlling for PA and NA. Negative affectivity was the only significant predictor of post‐training transfer implementation intentions. Further research needs to clarify whether PA and NA are contributors to the trainees’ perceptions of the transfer climate or are a product of these perceptions.     

Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions

The literature argues that entrepreneurial intentions depend on perceptions of desirability and perceptions of feasibility. Research in other fields suggests that there will be an interaction effect between these two main antecedents of intentions, but such interaction has not been investigated in the context of entrepreneurial intentions. In this paper we explore this interaction effect in an expectancy framework, hypothesizing a negative interaction effect between perceived desirability and perceived feasibility based on regulatory focus theory. A large multi-country sample confirms this negative interaction, and suggests a novel typology of nascent entrepreneurs as natural entrepreneurs, accidental entrepreneurs, and inevitable entrepreneurs.     

Body modifications and young adults: Predictors of intentions to engage in future body modification

The current study employs the theory of extended self to examine fashion leadership and its predictive value of intention to engage in body modification behavior. Data were collected using a survey. Participants included 454 students from two universities located in the southern United States. Findings identify new relationships among vanity, impulsiveness, market maven and reveal a significant, but weak, relationship between fashion leadership and future intentions. The strong relationship between previous behaviors and future intentions indicates that college students who previously engaged in body modification are likely to repeat the behavior. The current findings offer management new insight as to the importance of and motivations to engage in body modification.     

Entrepreneurial intentions in the third age: the impact of perceived age norms

This article investigates the impact of perceived age norms on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions in the third age. Age norms refer to those social norms that determine whether establishing and running a business are considered appropriate behavior for a mature individual. An empirical analysis of Finnish individuals finds that norms perceived as permissive of enterprising activity in the third age exert a significant positive influence on entrepreneurial intentions in this segment, even when controlling for the general level of entrepreneurship in the municipalities. This influence is partially mediated by whether the individual has a positive attitude toward entrepreneurship, by how the individual perceives their own ability to start and run a business, by the extent of support from their family and friends they perceive and by the importance of that support to them. Thus, if policy aims to increase enterprising activity in the third-age segment, the portfolio of instruments should include measures that address people’s general awareness of third-age entrepreneurship as a viable, positive and attractive late-career option.     

Effects of demotion in loyalty programs on brand-switching intentions

This study explores the effects of demotion in loyalty programs on intentions to switch to competitors. In a survey of 650 individuals, demotion evoked negative emotions, and its effect weakened when the demoted respondents’ internal locus of control was high and strengthened when their program involvement was high. Negative emotions had an indirect effect on intentions to switch to competitors; its effect was thus mediated by the demoted respondent’s attitudes toward the company. Finally, negative emotions had a direct effect on switching intentions, an effect moderated by prior satisfaction with the company.     

关于企业价值评估的思考

由于认识价值是一切经济和管理决策的前提,增加企业价值是企业的根本目的,所以价值评估是财务管理的核心问题。本文对企业价值评估的三种主要方法进行了分析说明,认为不同的企业应根据实际情况,切实有效地评估企业的真实价值。     

An examination of consumer embarrassment and repatronage intentions in the context of emotional service encounters

Using an experimental repeated-measures design (n=240), this study examines the level of felt embarrassment and repatronage intentions in relation to 13 embarrassing service encounters. The manipulation of two independent variables, i.e. embarrassment source (i.e., service provider, others present and consumer) and embarrassment stimuli (violations of privacy, awkward acts, forgetfulness/error, image appropriateness and criticism) are represented by 13 hypothetical scenarios included in a self-report survey. The findings have relevance for theory and practice and provide direction for future research in this area.     

Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: a review of literature on factors with influence on entrepreneurial intentions

Journal of International Entrepreneurship - The purpose of this paper is to review existing literature and show the state of the art regarding the factors that influence the entrepreneurial...     

服务型视角下政府绩效评估的研究

开展政府绩效评估,对于我国建设服务型政府具有重大推力和正能量。当前,在对政府绩效考核中还存在一些需要改进的问题,主要是上下垂直考核的方式,导致了评估主体比较单一,公众参与度较低;评估指标体系不全面、经济指标权重大,民生和公共服务指标少,社会建设、文化建设、环境问题考核有所忽略。完善服务型政府视觉下的绩效评估体系,应坚持以人为本的科学发展观,体现公平公正的价值理念;构建科学的指标体系,增加改善民生、公共服务和提高人民群众满意度的量化指标;增强考核的民意基础和透明程度,增加公共知情权。同时加强绩效考核的规制约束,以建设职能科学、清廉高效、人民满意的政府。     

From disconfirmation to switching: an empirical investigation of switching intentions after service failure and recovery

This research proposes and empirically tests a customer switching intentions model from a disconfirmation perspective in a service failure and recovery context. Specifically, the research examines how initial (discrepancy between service failure expectation and service performance) and recovery (discrepancy between recovery expectation and recovery performance) disconfirmations influence satisfaction when a service failure occurs and a recovery offer is given, and subsequently impact switching intentions. The results support the hypotheses that both initial and recovery disconfirmations influence switching intentions via satisfaction. In addition, switching costs directly influence switching intentions and also moderate the effect of satisfaction on switching intentions.     

The impacts of instructional video advertising on customer purchasing intentions on the Internet

As the application of the Internet has grown rapidly, electronic commerce is expected to become increasingly prosperous. In addition, since the launching of the Internet, more media in advertising have appeared. Online customer experiences and Web 2.0 are believed to be two of the driving forces behind the growth in online sales. A more advanced advertising medium is thus needed to stimulate customers’ purchasing intentions. One creative medium of advertising on the Internet is instructional video advertising. It provides instructions on how to operate the products being sold and/or on how the products function. Hence, the customers may in this way view the advertising, and finally the intention to purchase may be triggered. In order to explore how Internet instructional video advertising may affect customers’ purchasing intentions, we propose a new model that adopts the theory of reasoned action, the technology acceptance model, and others. We perform the survey to analyze how instructional video advertising may impact customers’ purchasing intentions.     

An experimental examination of the effects of individual and situational factors on unethical behavioral intentions in the workplace

Using a 2×2×2 experimental design, the effects of situational and individual variables on individuals' intentions to act unethically were investigated. Specifically examined were three situational variables: (1) quality of the work experience (good versus poor), (2) peer influences (unethical versus ethical), and (3) managerial influences (unethical versus ethical), and three individual variables: (4) locus of control, (5) Machiavellianism, and (6) gender, on individuals' behavioral intentions in an ethically ambiguous dilemma in an work setting. Experiment 1 revealed main effects for quality of work experience, Machiavellianism, locus of control, and an interaction effect for peer influences and managerial influences. Experiment 2 showed main effects for all three situational variables and Machiavellianism. Neither experiment supported gender differences. Limitations, future research, and implications for management are discussed.Gwen E. Jones is an Assistant Professor of Management at Bowling Green State University, Ohio. Her research interests include unethical behavior, privacy issues, and organizational development. She would like to thank Dianna Stone, Gary Yukl and Paul Meising for comments on earlier drafts, and Shelly Nikodem for assistance with the data collection and entry. This research was partially funded by a Benevolent Grant from the State University of New York at Albany. Michael J. Kavanagh is a professor of Management at the State University of New York at Albany. His research interests include human resource forecasting, performance measurement, and research methods. He currently is the Editor of the Group and Organization Management Journal.     

Child motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian casualties before and after enactment of Child Restraint Seats Legislation in Japan

Problem. Prevention of injuries to child passengers is a significant public health priority, as motor vehicle-related injuries remain a leading cause of death for children in Japan. The purpose of compulsory child restraint seats legislation in April 2000 was to reduce the number of child passengers killed or injured in motor vehicle crashes.

Methods. The objectives of this preliminary evaluation are to measure the effectiveness, benefits and usage of safety seats for child passengers aged 1–5 years by analysing the child casualty data for the period of 1997–2002. Population and vehicle miles travelled based injury and fatality rates were used to compare before and after legislation trends in child casualties.

Results. Despite overall increases in the use of child restraint seats (as observed by different national surveys), overall casualty rates in motor vehicle occupants in the 1–5 year age group did not change (fatalities and serious injuries) or even increased (minor injuries).

Conclusions. Casualties among restrained children have not decreased since the law came to effect in the year 2000, perhaps because of incorrect usage of the seats. Given that exposure to crash environments is increasing, traffic safety advocates and public health community need to be aware of the importance of child restraints as a means of reducing the likelihood of injury. It is necessary to implement effective community-based child safety seat campaigns to disseminate the information on appropriate restraint use and to increase efforts to enforce the existing legislation.     

Three ethical frames of reference: insights into Millennials' ethical judgements and intentions in the workplace

The paper investigates the ethical decisions of Millennials, who are not only part of an expanding cohort of the workforce, but also represent potential future managers with a growing influence on work practices and employment relationships. In the conceptual model, we propose that three ethical frames of reference, represented by perceived organisational ethics, perceived employee ethics and reflective moral attentiveness, antecede ethical judgements, which further influence the ethical intentions of Millennials. Using structural equation modelling, we test the model for three different business ethics scenarios: paying a consulting fee, dumping hazardous waste, and running an offensive advertising campaign. The findings confirm the link between ethical judgements and intentions across the board, while the influence of the ethical frames of reference varies among the scenarios. We propose that the differences in the predictive ability of the ethical frames of reference depend on the nature of the ethical issue, which holds important implications for today's managers in their attempts to encourage ethical behaviour of Millennial employees.     

Perceived quality, emotions, and behavioral intentions: Application of an extended Mehrabian-Russell model to restaurants

In order to address a lack of comprehensive evaluation of restaurant quality, this study extends Mehrabian and Russell's stimulus-organism-response framework by incorporating restaurant-specific stimuli and including restaurant-specific measures of emotion. Using structural equation modeling, this study shows that atmospherics and service function as stimuli that enhance positive emotions while product attributes, such as food quality, act to relieve negative emotional responses. Results also suggest that positive emotions mediate the relationship between atmospherics/services and future behavioral outcomes. The results are theoretically and practically meaningful because they address the relationships among three types of perceived quality (product, atmospherics, and service), customer emotions (positive/negative), and behavioral intentions in the restaurant consumption experience. Managerial implications, limitations, and future research directions are also suggested.     

Implementation intentions in the entrepreneurial process: concept,empirical findings,and research agenda

Prior studies find sizable gaps between entrepreneurial intentions and subsequent actions. We extend models of entrepreneurial intentions by drawing on action phase theory to better understand how entrepreneurial intentions translate into actions. Our study focuses on the effects of implementation intentions on taking entrepreneurial action. The analysis uses two waves of survey data on 422 individuals, from the Swedish general population, who had an explicit interest in starting a business and who reported on their actions 6 months later. We test and find support for a moderated mediation model in which implementation intentions mediate the effects of goal intentions on taking entrepreneurial action. We further find the mediated effect to be even stronger for those confirming a strong intention to start a new business. We provide an in-depth discussion of the concept of implementation intention and an extensive research agenda.     

Barriers and stimuli to the use of information technology in retailing

The retail marketing environment is continuously changing. Changes in retail format, retailing processes and the competitive environment continue to create problems for retail management. This article examines the barriers and stimuli to the adoption of innovation in infonnation technology. Our objective is to demonstrate how managers might anticipate the problems associated with managing significant change and develop appropriate strategies to deal with such problems. Previous research has indicated that it is important to explore the views of a range of managers in the organization. Much of the previous research has relied on a single respondent from many organizations to provide an accurate picture. This research does not follow that tradition. It uses the views of more than one hundred managers within one organization. The research explores the relative attractiveness of the innovation to individual managers, the organization's receptivity to change and the presence or absence of a 'product' champion. It ends with recommendations on ways of improving the rate of acceptance of such technologies.