共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
In their role as political actors and lobbyists, corporations have responsibilities to help determine the existence and content of global regulations of pollutants. The ethical nature of those responsibilities is highly sensitive to the assumed normative framework. This paper compares several frameworks by modeling them as differently weighted versions of utilitarianism. Under a strict neoclassical approach, corporations have a narrow obligation to maximize profits, which generally entails opposing emission regulations. In contrast, a stakeholder approach as well as Marxian and common ethics approaches suggest that firms have an obligation to actively support sustainable emission regulations with the following properties
• |
major restrictions would be global rather than local | • |
global restrictions would apply in all cases of persistent emissions | • |
global restrictions would apply to non-persistent emissions as well, unless they have been affirmatively shown to be safe using reasonably persuasive scientific evidence | • |
safety thresholds would be set fairly restrictively, based on administrative models and rules of thumb, in light of existing scientific knowledge but without requiring full scientific justification | • |
long-run goals would include zero emission of persistent unsafe substances. |
However, the stakeholder approach supports phase-in rules to mitigate short-run compliance costs. 相似文献
2.
Policy makers often think that creating more start-up companies will transform depressed economic regions, generate innovation,
and create jobs. This belief is flawed because the typical start-up is not innovative, creates few jobs, and generates little
wealth. Getting economic growth and jobs creation from entrepreneurs is not a numbers game. It is about encouraging the formation
of high quality, high growth companies. Policy makers should stop subsidizing the formation of the typical start-up and focus
on the subset of businesses with growth potential. While government officials will not be able to “pick winners,” they can
identify start-ups with a low probability of generating jobs and enhancing economic growth. By eliminating incentives to create
these low probability companies, policy makers can improve the average performance of new businesses.
相似文献
3.
This paper describes the research carried out into small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and corporate responsibility (CR) in the Northwest of England during Phase I of Responsibility Northwest, a partnership programme designed to significantly increase the CR of the region. By engaging with significant numbers of SMEs and SME support providers across the region, key insights were gained in three key areas: • | The current attitudes to, understanding of, and management of CR issues in the SME sector. | • | The barriers to greater implementation of CR management. | • | The opportunities for overcoming the barriers and improving regional CR. |
The research revealed a large diversity both in terms of understanding of the issues and their management. Seven key barriers to improve CR performance were identified which centred round the inappropriateness and inaccessibility of current CR approaches and support services on CR, certain characteristics of SMEs which tend to reduce their interest and opportunities for engaging in CR activities and supply-chain barriers. Fortunately there was significant agreement on the mechanisms which should be used to overcome these barriers, in particular the importance of delivering CR support through existing business networks that are valued and trusted by SMEs. These results have been used to create the partnership programme, Responsibility Northwest Phase II that runs until 2008 and aims to significantly increase the overall CR of Northwest England.Sarah Roberts leads corporate responsibility work at Sustainability Northwest and oversees Responsibility Northwest.Rob Lawson manages corporate responsibility projects, specialising in work with SMEs, and is the project manager for Responsibility Northwest.Jeremy Nicholls is a founder and director of the Cat’s Pyjamas which runs programmes to help businesses identify opportunities from managing the triple bottom line and is one of the key delivery partners in the Responsibility Northwest programme. 相似文献
4.
Traditional auction mechanisms support price negotiations on a single item. The Internet allows for the exchange of much more
complex offers in real-time. This is one of the reasons for much research on multidimensional auction mechanisms allowing
negotiations on multiple items, multiple units, or multiple attributes of an item, as they can be regularly found in procurement.
Combinatorial auctions, for example, enable suppliers to submit bids on bundles of items. A number of laboratory experiments
has shown high allocative efficiency in markets with economies of scope. For suppliers it is easier to express cost savings
due to bundling (e. g., decreased transportation or production costs). This can lead to significant savings in total cost
of the procurement manager. Procurement negotiations exhibit a number of particularities:
– |
It is often necessary to consider qualitative attributes or volume discounts in bundle bids. These complex bid types have
not been sufficiently analyzed.
|
– |
The winner determination problem requires the consideration of a number of additional business constraints, such as limits
on the spend on a particular supplier or the number of suppliers.
|
– |
Iterative combinatorial auctions have a number of advantages in practical applications, but they also lead to new problems
in the determination of ask prices.
|
In this paper, we will discuss fundamental problems in the design of combinatorial auctions and the particularities of procurement
applications.
Reprint of an article from WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK 47(2)2005:126–134.
This article is also available in German in print and via : Bichler M, Pikovsky A, Setzer T (2008) Kombinatorische Auktionen in der betrieblichen Beschaffung – Eine Analyse grundlegender
Entwurfsprobleme. WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK. doi: 10.1007/11576-008-0119-9. 相似文献
5.
The French opposition to the war in Iraq in early 2003 prompted calls for a boycott of French wine in the US. We measure the
magnitude of consumers’ participation in the boycott, and look at basic evidence of who participates. Conservative estimates
indicate that the boycott resulted in 26% lower weekly sales at its peak, and 13% lower sales over the 6 months period that
we estimate the boycott lasted. Although theory suggests consumers would not participate in boycotts due to a free-rider problem,
these findings indicate that businesses should be concerned that consumers may boycott their products. We also find that neither
political preferences nor media attention are important determinants of boycott participation.
相似文献
6.
This paper examines the relationship between new firm formation and regional employment change in The Netherlands. Using a
new regional data base for the period 1988–2002, we examine the time lags involved in the relationship. We also investigate
whether the relationship differs by sector and by degree of urbanization. We find that the maximum effect of new businesses
on regional development is reached after about 6 years. Our results also suggest that the overall employment impact of new-firm
start-ups is positive but that the immediate employment effects may be small in The Netherlands. Furthermore, we find that
the employment impact of new firms is strongest in manufacturing industries and that the employment impact of new firms is
stronger in areas with a higher degree of urbanization.
相似文献
7.
Using local market employment rates as our measure of economic performance, we find a positive and significant correlation
between the average annual level of employment in a local market and the level of SBA guaranteed lending in that local market.
Furthermore, the intensity of this correlation is much larger in low-income markets. Indeed, our results suggest that this
correlation is positive and significant only in low-income markets. This result has important implications for public policy in general and SBA guaranteed lending in particular.
相似文献
8.
We investigate what determines the maturity of lines of credit to small businesses. Our results provide strong support for
the hypothesis that shorter loan maturities serve to mitigate the problems associated with borrower risk and asymmetric information
that are typical of small business lending. We find that maturity is shorter for firm owners that have poor credit histories,
are older, and less experienced, and for firms that are more informationally opaque. Supporting the notion that collateral
and maturity are substitute mechanisms in mitigating agency problems, we also find strong evidence that maturity increases
with collateral pledges, that personal collateral is associated with longer maturities than business collateral, and that
collateral types that better mitigate agency problems reduce the sensitivity of loan maturity to informational asymmetries
and risk. Finally, while it is argued that relationship lending may mitigate information asymmetry, we find no relation between
loan maturity and stronger firm-creditor ties.
相似文献
9.
The research reported in this article develops a model for assessing the cost of banking services faced by small businesses.
The lack of price competition in the provision of small business banking services combined with limited transparency concerning
actual fee levels prevents small businesses from readily estimating likely fee levels. Prior research and government reports
note the difficulties faced by small business in relation to banking services and this research contributes to an understanding
of the potential dead weight losses incurred resulting from poor signalling and information asymmetry and potentially a deficient
public policy framework.
相似文献
10.
This paper analyses the performance of the small and medium-sized manufacturing firms during the period 1995–2001, focusing
on the degree of technical inefficiency and its determinants. We use a micro panel data set to simultaneously estimate a stochastic
frontier production function and the inefficiency determinants using an unbalanced panel of manufacturing firms. Our empirical
results suggest that small and medium-sized firms tend to be less inefficient than the large firms are. Also, we centre our
analysis in the effect on efficiency of some organisational factors related to the managerial ability to use and adjust capital
and labour properly.
相似文献
11.
Given the high levels of attrition in the teaching profession there is a need for research to better understand factors that lead to greater teacher well-being and engagement. The present study explores the roles of coping and buoyancy in predicting teacher well-being and engagement. In particular, a process model is hypothesized in which the use of ‘direct’ coping strategies (mastery orientation and planning) predict high levels of buoyancy, well-being, and engagement, while ‘palliative’ coping strategies (self-handicapping and failure avoidance) predict low buoyancy, well-being, and engagement. Amongst a sample of 515 teachers from 18 schools, results generally supported this model with particularly strong direct effects for buoyancy and strong direct and indirect effects for mastery orientation. Failure avoidance, self-handicapping, and planning also produced significant direct and/or indirect effects via buoyancy on teacher well-being and engagement. Implications for school executives and future research are discussed. PDF (243 K)
|