重庆市长寿区旱改水潜力评价与优化研究

[目的]文章以重庆市长寿区为例,对其旱地改水田潜力进行测算,以期提高耕地质量,促进耕地内部结构调整和占补平衡,保障地区粮食安全和生态系统安全。[方法]基于2010—2018年旱改水空间分布特征研究,构建旱改水适宜性评价模型,该模型涵盖地形条件、土壤条件、耕作条件3个评价维度,包括海拔高程、地形坡度、表层土壤质地等10个评价指标。然后利用模型评价旱改水整治潜力,并识别整治的障碍因素,最后基于评价结果,提出旱改水的整治措施建议。[结果]（1） 2010—2018年长寿区旱地改水田整体集中度较高,主要分布在北部和中部地区,其中,密度最高的乡镇是海棠镇、云台镇和葛兰镇。（2）总的来说,重庆市长寿区旱地改水田整体适宜性不高,高度适宜和中度适宜改为水田的旱地面积分别为159.81hm2、8 115.64hm2,两者占全域总面积的25.22%,这些地块主要分布在区域中部、北部的石堰镇、葛兰镇、云台镇等乡镇;勉强适宜和不适宜改为水田的旱地占比为74.78%,这些地块限制性因素较多,难以改造为水田。[结论]综上,未来长寿区可通过改造有效土层厚度低、地形坡度较陡、田块面积小、灌溉保证率低等障碍因素推动耕地...     

三江平原典型地区水田分布格局变化特征

研究目的:以三江平原最具代表性的七星河地区为研究区,基于1990年、2002年和2014年遥感影像数据,揭示自20世纪90年代农业结构调整以来水田分布格局变化规律。研究方法:GIS空间分析和标准差椭圆分析法。研究结果:(1)七星河地区呈现阶段性的水田化特点。1990年水田占耕地总面积的12.56%,处于水田化初始阶段,2002年和2014年水田面积占比分别是31.85%和37.06%,均处于水田化中期阶段。(2)七星河地区水田基本呈东北—西南的分布态势,空间分布阶段性极化,整体水田分布逐渐收缩,且呈现北移东扩的特征。(3)七星河地区前期以旱地和未利用地的水田化为主,其中旱地水田化规律性弱,方向性不明显,后期则基本为旱地水田化,综合极化特征突出,未来七星河地区水田化进程将会进一步放缓。研究结论:七星河地区水田分布格局的演化规律将对区域耕地资源合理利用与高效管理提供重要的理论依据。     

湖北省城乡生态经济交错区农地价值测算

研究目的：在区域问卷调查的基础上,测算湖北省城乡生态经济交错区主要类型农地资源的价值。研究方法：收益还原法和条件价值评估法。研究结果：湖北省城乡生态经济交错区各类型农地资源单位面积总价值为：水田25.04万元/hm2,旱地29.48万元/hm2,菜地83.99万元/hm2,水域养殖地79.23万元/hm2;其中非市场价值为：水田10.90万元/hm2,旱地14.38万元/hm2,菜地24.93万元/hm2,水域养殖地37.19万元/hm2。研究结论：农地非市场价值是农地总价值测算中不可忽视的部分。农地价值的测算对制定农地保护、征地补偿政策具有重要的指导意义。     

现代化农区耕地利用形态转型研究

[目的]耕地利用转型是农业发展转型和土地利用转型的重要组成部分。探讨现代化农区耕地利用形态转型的一般特征,可以为区域耕地资源优化配置提供科学依据。[方法]基于GIS平台,结合耕地利用动态度、区域差异指数、耕地景观格局变化表征模型,分析黑龙江省垦区建三江管理局1976~2014年耕地利用形态变化规律。[结果](1)建三江垦区耕地利用可以划分为4种典型形态:耕地散布态、耕地密布态、耕地连布态和耕地满布态,耕地形态转型经历了旱地拓张期(1976~1986年)、水田萌发期(1986~1996年)、水田拓张期(1996~2006年)和旱—水转换期(2006~2014年);(2)旱地拓张期,垦殖率由18.55%猛增至45.96%,旱地占土地总面积比重由18.55%升至44.34%,旱地景观格局集聚度不断提升,水田"零星"镶嵌于研究区内;(3)水田萌发期耕地总量稳中有升,水田面积小幅增加,占耕地面积比重由3.53%提升至6.63%,水田景观破碎度较高;(4)水田拓张期垦殖率基本稳定,新增耕地以水田为主,主要来源于未利用地(沼泽地)、草地、林地的垦殖以及旱地转化,水田种植优势明显增强,景观集聚度升高;(5)旱—水转换期,水田比重由29.48%上升至80.90%,主要表现为耕地内部旱地—水田的转变。水田最大斑块所占景观面积比例骤然上升,水田逐渐占据绝对优势地位,逐渐由"破碎化"转向"聚集化"。(6)气候变暖、地貌适宜、经济效益是该区域耕地利用转型的重要原因,但地形地貌、土壤等自然条件以及发展水平、交通区位等社会经济条件的差异,使得耕地利用转型具有区域差异性。[结论]黑龙江省垦区建三江分局在全球气候变暖和国家粮食安全战略背景下,其耕地利用经历了面积逐渐扩展、结构不断调整的形态转型,其本质是农业生产投入规模和强度的提升。耕地利用形态转型规律可以为区域耕地利用调控提供依据。     

瑞昌油菜丰收

<正>今年,江西省九江瑞昌市油菜获全面丰收,全市总面积20万亩,目前,农户正抢晴收割,水田油菜80%以上实现机收,占总面积50%左右。平均单产145公斤,较上年增加6.6公斤,预计平均售价5-5.4元/公斤,预计全市油菜籽总产达2.9万吨,可创产值1.5亿元以上。油菜是瑞昌市主导产业之一,在巩固旱地油菜的基础上,主攻水田油菜,着力推行"油菜-水稻"两熟制。     

山西省和顺县耕地污染防治对策与建议

<正>1和顺县县域概况和顺县地处山西省东部,太行山西麓,清漳河上游,据2015年统计资料显示,和顺县国土总面积为2 250km2,其中:耕地2.24万hm2,占总面积的9.6%,林地为6.22万hm2,占28.3%。宜牧面积4.24万hm2,占19.3%;居民点及工矿用地0.28万hm2,占1.24%;交通用地面积900万hm2,占0.4%;水域面积0.29万     

黑龙江省耕地资源可持续利用的制约因素及对策研究

黑龙江省是我国耕地资源最丰富的省份 ,作为农业大省和国家重要的商品粮基地 ,耕地资源可持续利用不仅是实现国民经济持续发展的前提 ,也是提高农民生活水平和改善生态环境的重要途径。1　耕地资源现状及优势1 .1　耕地资源丰富 ,人均占有量多根据黑龙江省土地利用现状调查汇总结果 [1] ,到 1 995年底 ,全省耕地总面积为 1 1 771 463.55公顷 ,占全省土地总面积的 2 4 .9% ,总面积居全国各省区之首。耕地以旱地为主 ,面积 1 0 82 31 2 0 .94公顷 ,占耕地总面积的 91 .9% ,其次是灌溉水田 ,面积80 31 69.47公顷 ,占耕地总面积的 6.8% ,水浇地…     

赤峰市沙化土地监测与评价

对赤峰市沙化土地1994年和2004年的情况进行了综合分析,结果表明:沙化土地总面积为1914983hm2,占全市总面积的22.2%;有明显沙化趋势的土地1029690hm2,占全市总面积的119%;流动沙地占7.8%,半固定沙地占10.1%,固定沙地占80.5%,露沙地占0.5%,沙化耕地占1.1%;沙化耕地占1.1%,沙化林地占24.8%,沙化草地占65.8%,未利用沙化土地占8.3%;轻度沙化土地占46.4%,中度沙化土地占35.2%,重度沙化土地占10.1%,极重度沙化土地占8.3%;10年间,沙化土地面积减少748797hm2,其中固定沙地增加81089hm2,半固定沙地减少174588hm2,流动沙地减少49066hm2,露沙地增加7457hm2,沙化耕地减少613690hm2。     

西南丘陵区高标准基本农田建设区域划定研究——以重庆市铜梁区为例

研究目的:探索西南丘陵山区高标准基本农田建设区域的划定,为高标准基本农田建设区域的选择提供理论依据。研究方法:层次分析法、熵权法、理想解逼近法、四象限法。研究结果:研究区域中"高质量高适宜"区域的耕地面积为25118.19 hm2,占铜梁区耕地总面积的37.74%,该区域是目前高标准基本农田建设的最佳区域,主要分布在蒲吕镇、东城街道、虎峰镇与南城街道等区域;"高质量低适宜"与"低质量高适宜"区域的耕地面积共为26506.19 hm2,占耕地总面积的39.82%,该区域为高标准基本农田建设的有条件区域,主要集中在永嘉、旧县、平滩、福果与水口等乡镇;"低质量低适宜"区域为暂不建设区域,其耕地面积为14936.54 hm2,占耕地总面积的22.44%,主要集中在维新镇、大庙镇、围龙镇。研究结论:实地调查表明,该方法具有一定的实用性,其评价结果定量直观,可为高标准基本农田建设区域划定提供方法参考。     

关于辽宁省土地资源现状与未来变化趋势分析

一、辽宁省土地利用现状根据辽宁省土地资源调查汇总数据 ,１９９６年全国统一时点土地变更调查 ,全省辖区耕地面积为４１７ ４８万公顷 ,占全省土地总面积的２８ ２１ %。在耕地构成中旱地占耕地面积的８０ ２５ %,水田占耕地面积的１６ ２８%,水浇地、菜地占３ ４６ %。粮食作物占总播用面积８４ ７ %,经济作物占总播种面积４ ６%,其他作物占总播种面积１０ ７ %。园地面积５９ ２９万公顷 ,占全省总面积的４ ００ %,在园地中 ,果园面积占园地面积的９７ ００ %;林地面积５６１ ７１万公顷 ,占全省总面积的３７ ９４%,森林覆盖率为２８ ７…     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.