古希腊人的"本"、"末"观平议

“本”和“末”是中国经济思想史中的一对特定范畴，“本”泛指农业，“末”泛指工商业。所谓“本”、“末”观，就是指古人对农工商业及其相互关系的看法，其中包括“重农轻工商”的观念。古希腊虽然没有与中国相对应的“本”、“末”概念，但却不乏对于农工商业及其关系的思考。本文即选取古希腊的几位有代表性的思想家或立法者作为研究对象，试图对古希腊人的“本”、“末”观进行一些粗略的考察，以期获得一个总体性的认识。本文的基本结论是，与中国先秦的情况相似，古希腊的思想家或立法者无不认为农业是立国之本，工商业居于次要地位，而且，对待“末”业的态度也存在着相对宽容和相对严厉两种倾向。产生这种现象的根本原因在于中希文明所处的相似的历史发展阶段及其社会经济状况。     

Factors Affecting European Food Retailers' Internationalisation

Abstract

This paper aims to identify the critical factors that support European food retailers' internationalisation via an investigation of the importance of Dunning's eclectic paradigm advantages (ownership, location and internalisation). Senior managers from seven firms that operate in the Greek food multiple retail sector were interviewed, and three propositions were put on test.

In general, the findings indicate the critical role of the internalisation advantage during the international expansion of European food multiple retailers into that market.

The findings also reveal that this advantage is the main superior and sustainable competitive element that European food multiple retailers possess when competing with local firms. The latter can be considered as an extension to the findings of previous studies that have exclusively emphasised the importance of ownership advantage factors in the course of the retail internationalisation process.     

西班牙、希腊油橄榄产业发展的经验与启示

中国是食用油消费大国,又是食用油缺乏的国家,食用油自给率只有35%左右。针对这一严峻形势,自2008年以来,党中央、国务院高度重视油茶等木本油料产业的发展,并将其作为保障食用油安全的国家战略选择。西班牙、希腊在推动油橄榄产业发展进程中积累了许多较为成熟的先进管理经验和技术,两国的管理制度值得我们借鉴。介绍了两国油橄榄产业发展情况和有关政策、措施,提出了推进我国油茶产业和油橄榄产业发展的相关建议,对推动我国油茶等木本油料产业科学持续健康发展具有较强的指导作用。     

Measuring productivity growth when technological change is biased–a new index and an application to UK agriculture

Productivity growth is conventionally measured by indices representing discreet approximations of the Divisia TEP index under the assumption that technological change is Hicks-neutral. When this assumption is violated, these indices are no longer meaningful because they conflate the effects of factor accumulation and technological change. We propose a way of adjusting the conventional TFP index that solves this problem. The method adopts a latent variable approach to the measurement of technical change biases that provides a simple means of correcting product and factor shares in the standard Tornqvist-Theil TFP index. An application to UK agriculture over the period 1953–2000 demonstrates that technical progress is strongly biased. The implications of that bias for productivity measurement are shown to be very large, with the conventional TFP index severely underestimating productivity growth. The result is explained primarily by the fact that technological change has favoured the rapidly accumulating factors against labour, the factor leaving the sector.     

对曲靖市肉及肉制品质量安全的思考

对曲靖市2011—2019年肉及肉制品检验检测数据进行分析,就影响曲靖肉及肉制品质量安全的因素进行分析,并提出相应的建议和措施,为进一步加强曲靖肉及肉制品质量安全管理提供参考.     

Product Differentiation in the Spanish Beef Industry

Abstract

This paper aims to investigate changes in the structure of the Spanish quality beef industry in response to the significant decline in beef consumption happened over the last few decades. The role of product differentiation, mechanisms and factors involved in it, are specially studied. We use focus groups and a survey to examine the outlook for the organization of the beef industry, and trends in the development of product differentiation mechanisms and vertical co-ordination strategies.

Results reveal the existence of a restructuring process that is being implemented in two ways: Protected Geographical Indications (PGI) and Quality Certified Brands (QCB). Each strategy forms its own entry barriers: the origin of calves in the case of PGI and farm size in QCB; they are therefore complementary rather than competitive.     

Investigating rice farmers’ preferences for an agri-environmental scheme: Is an eco-label a substitute for payments?

In some Asian countries, the pursuit of high yields often leads to excessive application of chemical fertilizer, negatively impacting the environment. We use the Choice Experiment approach to investigate the preferences of rice farmers in Taiwan for a potential Agri-environmental Scheme (AES), which would aim at an optimization of fertilizer use. We are especially interested in how such an AES would optimally be designed and whether it is possible to reduce its costs by offering the farmers lower payments in exchange for an eco-label. We find that farmers have a significant preference for an eco-label and would accept lower payments in exchange. They also prefer to retain some flexibility and keep some land out of the AES. Moreover, we also find that a share of the farmers would never join an AES.     

Critical analysis of the official Greek urban planning indicators of private uses

The aim of the article is to review the official Greek target indicators, i.e. those standards that are included in the current planning legislation (Official Government Gazette 285/D/5.3, 2004), and are used for the planning of private uses, such as manufacturing, wholesale trade, retail trade, offices, and housing. The article elaborates on the general typology of urban indicators and, more specifically, it addresses the methodology for the calculation of target indicators. Part of this methodology is utilized for the evaluation of the official target indicators that are currently in force. This evaluation is mainly based on the comparison of target indicators with the respective state indicators of years 2004, 2008, and 2012, and is carried out for each category of private urban uses separately. The article concludes on the inappropriateness of the values legislated as target indicators, and stresses the need for their immediate revision.     

Local residents’ perceptions of energy landscape: the case of transmission lines

Although the transmission line network is relatively comprehensive in many countries, there are new needs to develop the networks due to the increased consumption of energy and new decentralized energy sources. However, compared with other large-scale infrastructure in the landscape, there has been relatively little research on the perceptions of transmission lines. Consequently, the aim of this study was to analyse how transmission lines are perceived in comparison with other landscape elements and how the perceptions of existing transmission lines differ from those concerning new lines. Finally, the heterogeneity of the perceptions was examined with the aid of the latent class method. The study was based on survey data from an urban fringe community in southern Finland. The results confirmed the presupposition that transmission lines are generally perceived as negative landscape elements, both when long-established and when new. However, the perceptions among the residents were heterogeneous. This heterogeneity was explained with environmental attitudes and leisure activities as well as knowledge and land ownership. The results have implications for planning, public communication and participation related to transmission lines, as well as other visually dominating man-made structures in the landscape.     

Food Demand in Mexico: An Application of the Amemiya-Tobin Approach to the Estimation of a Censored Food System

The modeling of micro-level food demand patterns requires not only allowing for household heterogeneity, but also addressing the problem of censoring. In this article, we present a variation of the Amemiya-Tobin framework for estimating a censored demand system that allows for household heterogeneity. The unique aspect of our approach is the use of a procedure that ensures the adding up of both latent and observed expenditure shares and also imposes expenditure share nonnegativity. This system is applied to an analysis of food demand based on a random sample of urban Mexican households.