西方人权标准与我国的人口和计划生育政策——评[丹麦]托马瑟夫斯基的《人口政策中的人权问题》

在国际政治中 ,人权问题始终是普遍关注的话题 ,并在许多方面影响着政府决策和国家关系。冷战结束后 ,特别是近些年来 ,一些西方国家基于不同的价值观 ,借口人权问题经常干涉别国内政 ,并动辄以武力相威胁。少数西方国家 ,经常以所谓民主政治问题、少数民族问题、宗教自由问题以及计划生育等问题对中国指手画脚 ,甚至以此作为在国际事务上要挟中国的砝码。因此 ,正确理解人权概念 ,准确把握中国与其他国家不同的人权价值观和人权标准 ,全面透视人权斗争背后的本质所在 ,关系到我国改革开放和现代化建设的大局。我们知道 ,基于中国国情所做出…     

我国人口政策回顾与现行人口政策分析

独生子女政策在中国推行了30余年,对我国在相对落后的历史时期抑制爆炸式的人口增长、促进经济增长做出了一定贡献,但也产生了诸多弊端,我国面临掉入"低生育率陷阱"的风险。随着我国人口生育率低、出生人口性别比例失衡、"未富先老"等问题不断涌现,我国的人口生育政策亟须进一步调整。2013年11月十八届三中全会决定放开"单独二孩"政策,不到两年时间,十八届五中全会决定全面放开二孩。本文主要讨论上世纪七八十年代以来我国人口生育政策的发展历程,在分析计划生育政策带来影响的基础上,进一步分析全面开放二孩政策。     

中国人口转变与人口政策的演变

对中国人口控制政策的形成与发展进行了梳理.以制度变迁理论为视角,分析了这一政策在20世纪90年代以来的发展趋势及演变原因.立足于社会经济转型和可持续发展,对人口转变新阶段生育政策调整的必要性及其原则进行了讨论.     

中国人口转变与人口政策的演变

对中国人口控制政策的形成与发展进行了梳理。以制度变迁理论为视角,分析了这一政策在20世纪90年代以来的发展趋势及演变原因。立足于社会经济转型和可持续发展,对人口转变新阶段生育政策调整的必要性及其原则进行了讨论。     

中国计划生育、人口发展与人权保护

国际社会对于中国计划生育领域的人权保护问题一直表示关注.分析了宪法中计划生育条款的含义,勾勒了我国计划生育法制体系的整体现状和发展趋势,指出我国在人口和计划生育领域进行人权保障工作已经达到的水平,并且有着进一步加强保障的良好趋势,但也存在不足,需要改进.对比人口领域国际人权标准,我国法制体系存在着一定差别,这种差别是基于不同的权利哲学造成的,对此我们既要加强对话,也要深入反思和改进我们的人权保障工作.     

中国计划生育、人口发展与人权保护

国际社会对于中国计划生育领域的人权保护问题一直表示关注。分析了宪法中计划生育条款的含义，勾勒了我国计划生育法制体系的整体现状和发展趋势，指出我国在人口和计划生育领域进行人权保障工作已经达到的水平，并且有着进一步加强保障的良好趋势，但也存在不足，需要改进。对比人口领域国际人权标准，我国法制体系存在着一定差别，这种差别是基于不同的权利哲学造成的，对此我们既要加强对话，也要深入反思和改进我们的人权保障工作。     

人口红利、人口政策及经济增长

在过去的三十多年来,中国经历了重大的经济转变和人口转变,人口增长对经济的发展到底起到什么作用,有人说是积极作用,有人说是消极作用,生育率偏高偏低都不利于经济的增长.中国提出了放开的生育政策,但是对于目前来说,我们应该做的就是加快转变经济发展方式,和全方位的提高人口素质,增加现有劳动力的竞争力和开发新的老年劳动力,实现经济的平稳发展.     

简析中国的人口政策

1980年9月中共中央发表了《中共中央关于控制我国人口增长问题致全体共产党员、共青团员的公开信》,开启了我国的计划生育时代.本文分析了我国当前计划生育政策存在的问题,并从决策主体角度提出政策改革的建议.     

不要用人口红利误导我国人口政策

“人口红利”是从“人口机遇”延伸而来的一个人口经济学的概念,指的是归因于生育率迅速下降的人口年龄结构橄榄型变带来经济加快增长的一种人口与经济的正面关系。最近,不仅世行的《2007年世界发展报告》预测我国的“人口红利”将于2010年左右消失①,中国社科院也发布一份报告     

不要用人口红利误导我国人口政策

"人口红利"是从"人口机遇"延伸而来的一个人口经济学的概念,指的是归因于生育率迅速下降的人口年龄结构橄榄型变带来经济加快增长的一种人口与经济的正面关系.最近,不仅世行的《2007年世界发展报告》预测我国的"人口红利"将于2010年左右消失     

Business and Human Rights

What should, or can, businesses do about‘prisoners of conscience’? Sir Geoffrey Chandler CBE is Chairman of the recently founded Business Group of the British Section of Amnesty International.     

Oil Companies and Human Rights

The chairman of Amnesty International's UK Business Group considers how oil companies must change their attitudes in a world which is changing faster. "Silence or inaction will be seen to provide comfort to oppression and may be adjudged complicity." Sir Geoffrey Chandler CBE is a former senior executive of the Royal/Dutch Shell Group and architect of Shell's first Statement of General Business Principles. This article is reprinted with permission from Oxford Energy Forum , November 1, 1997.     

基于预付人权视角的人权沟通路径刍议

基于天赋人权理论的种种局限性,有必要从一个新的高度和视角来建构我国的人权理论体系。“预付人权”理论的核心理念是,人权基于对等而有偿。预付人权理论所包含的公正性因素,以及其在法治实践中的优势。使人权理论有效规避了人权思想异化的风险,屏蔽了天赋人权观中的不合理因素。这最大程度上确保了人权实现在合乎正义、合乎理性的轨道上运作。     

Business and Human Rights in South Africa: An Analysis of Antecedents of Human Rights Due Diligence

The purpose of the present article is to analyse South African listed companies’ public reporting in order to contribute to our understanding of how and why companies consider human rights. The empirical analysis is placed in the context of the increasing prominence of human rights as a business issue, premised in part on the activities of the United Nations (UN) Special Representative of the Secretary General (SRSG) on human rights and business. On the basis of a content analysis of the public reports of the top 100 companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE), we test hypotheses focused on the antecedents of companies’ demonstrated human rights due diligence, with particular reference to assumptions or findings of the SRSG and institutional theory. Some of our results are unexpected: there is little influence exerted by the sector and size of companies in our sample, and there is also an unexpectedly insignificant impact of company participation in the UN Global Compact and the JSE Socially Responsible Investment Index. On the other hand, a key predictor of human rights due diligence is an explicit leadership commitment, and important roles are also played by government regulations and stock exchange listing rules.     

Google,Human Rights,and Moral Compromise

International business faces a host of difficult moral conflicts. It is tempting to think that these conflicts can be morally resolved if we gained full knowledge of the situations, were rational enough, and were sufficiently objective. This paper explores the view that there are situations in which people in business must confront the possibility that they must compromise some of their important principles or values in order to protect other ones. One particularly interesting case that captures this kind of situation is that of Google and its operations in China. In this paper, I examine the situation Google faces as part of the larger issue of moral compromise and integrity in business. Though I look at Google, this paper is just as much about the underlying or background views Google faces that are at work in business ethics. In the process, I argue the following: First, the framework Google has used to respond to criticisms of its actions does not successfully or obviously address the important ethical issues it faces. Second, an alternative ethical account can be presented that better addresses these ethical and human rights questions. However, this different framework brings the issue of moral compromise to the fore. This is an approach filled with dangers, particularly since it is widely held that one ought never to compromise one’s moral principles. Nevertheless, I wish to propose that there may be a place for moral compromise in business under certain conditions, which I attempt to specify.     

Corporate Social Responsibility and International Human Rights Law

The United Nations Special Representative on Transnational Corporations and Human Rights, John Ruggie, has adopted a new framework for considering this issue within the international legal system. This article examines this framework in terms of its coherence, its consistency with international human rights law and how it can be ‘operationalized’ (which is required by the United Nations). In regard to the states legal obligation to protect human rights, it is considered whether this obligation is broader and deeper than is envisaged in the framework, especially if it can include the extra-territorial activities of corporations. The corporate responsibility to respect human rights is examined in terms of its conceptual and definitional problems, and the article also questions whether there will be sufficient legal remedies available to victims under the framework.     

论科学技术发展中的人权悖论及调适

科学技术的发展带来了人权理论和人权内容的划时代变革，推动了人们在自由观念、人权内容、权利意识、人权理论和人权法理等方面的发展，同时也衍生出很多人权悖论。随着科技进步和人们对科技认识的加深，人们对人权悖论的调适，也在不断深入进行。     

Business and Human Rights: A Configurational View of the Antecedents of Human Rights Infringements by Emerging Market Firms

Journal of Business Ethics - This study investigates the antecedents of human rights infringements (HRIs) by emerging market firms (EFs). We used fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA)...     

Fair Trade Coffee and Human Rights in Guatemala

This paper explores how the fair trade coffee market translates consumer action and shopping habits into the promotion of human rights in distant locales. This process does not occur through direct producer–consumer contact. Instead, it is channeled through two interrelated avenues. First, the fair trade certification system which requires producer groups to be democratic, transparent, and accountable and second, the relationships between producers and coffee roasters and importers, who, in this specific commodity chain, act as conduits for consumer actions and intentions. These two facets of the fair trade consumer market promote and protect the secure organizational space that is necessary for producer initiated community development. This freedom to identify and fulfill economic and social development goals through cooperation also reaffirms existing cultural traditions of service and mutual aid among producers. These key components of human rights compliance are critically important in countries such as Guatemala with its history of violent repression, structural inequality, and cultural discrimination against indigenous populations and community organizers. The analysis emerges from ongoing ethnographic research on a group of indigenous, fair trade coffee producers in Guatemala and their relationships with outside buyers and certifiers.