全球价值链嵌入、技术路径选择与制造业高质量发展

基于全球价值链嵌入视角，探究后发国家制造业高质量发展的技术路径选择。通过分析梳理全球价值链嵌入对技术路径选择的影响及作用机理，明确后发国家制造业适宜技术路径选择依据。在此基础上，通过匹配WIOT数据和中国制造业行业数据，对中国制造业高质量发展的适宜技术路径进行实证检验。研究表明，参与全球价值链分工在为后发国家提供技术溢出机会的同时，通过低端锁定和竞争效应倒逼后发国家制造业在技术路径选择中加大自主研发投入；随着全球价值链嵌入程度加深，自主研发对制造业高质量发展的积极作用正逐渐显现；由于考察期内自身要素禀赋不足，引进模仿技术路径相比于自主研发对制造业生产效率提升更有利。在新型国际分工与贸易背景下，及时调整技术路径，加大研发投入，对推动我国制造业向价值链高端攀升进而实现高质量发展具有重要意义。     

中国劳动市场一体化测度与利益评估

笔者通过比较劳动生产率和劳动边际产出的地区差异与产业差异,对我国劳动市场一体化程度及其变化趋势进行测度。研究发现改革以来,劳动市场地区分割已明显减弱,但产业分割仍然严重;工业部门存在较高技术门槛和体制门槛,传统服务业是农业劳动力转移的主要渠道。政策模拟显示,劳动市场一体化具有巨大的经济社会利益。     

数字化对制造业全球价值链竞争力的影响——来自中国制造业行业的经验证据

数字化是新时期提升制造业GVC竞争力的有效路径。系统梳理数字化影响制造业GVC竞争力的理论机制,并利用2000—2014年中国制造业面板数据进行实证检验。结果表明,制造业数字化通过成本效应、配置效应和协同效应促进GVC竞争力提升;样本考察期内,中国制造业GVC竞争力整体呈不断上升趋势,且基本稳定在前10行列,并以中低知识密集度行业竞争力最强;数字化整体上有利于GVC竞争力提升,分行业看,数字化对中低和中高知识密集度行业的GVC竞争力有显著促进作用;分投入来源看,国际数字化投入比国内数字化投入的促进效果更显著;分投入类型看,软件和信息技术服务业的促进效果最突出。结论可为制造企业制定数字化转型及GVC竞争力提升策略提供参考。     

中国城市新兴技术的双元创新路径与发生机制——以生物医药技术为例

以生物医药技术为例，利用专利数据，建立技术共现网络与创新合作网络，分析2000—2018年中国生物医药技术演化特征、双元创新格局及城市间创新联系，利用层次回归模型探究其双元创新发生机制及路径。结果表明，生物医药细分技术间的可达性逐渐提高，2013年以后技术体系化程度显著提高，技术融合呈现出群落特征；城市渐进式创新与突破式创新存在空间正向关联，但两者具有不同发生机制；城市在创新网络中的中心性地位对知识搜索深度和渐进式创新更重要，而其中介性地位对知识搜索宽度和突破式创新更重要；知识搜索深度更利于渐进式创新，而搜索宽度更利于突破式创新；关系强度在渐进式创新过程中起正向调节作用，在突破式创新过程中起负向调节作用；不同类型城市在网络位置、知识搜索、关系强度方面表现出不同演化规律，使城市在创新路径上产生分化。     

区域创新与区域经济发展的相关性与时滞性:基于浙江省的实证研究

以浙江省为实证,研究创新活动与经济发展的互动性,采用统计分析方法,探讨了区域科技创新与区域经济发展之间的时滞性及其影响因素。由于科技创新作用于经济发展存在时滞性,因此有必要构建创新型区域的创新资源配置模型及其判断指标。     

Is newest always best? Firm-level evidence to challenge a focus on high-capability technological (product or process) innovation

This paper sets out to address a gap in the empirical literature on the importance of ‘low-capability’ innovation for firms. The study is framed around discussion of the conceptual bias that remains in policy and academic literature towards a narrow subset of technological (product or process) innovation labelled ‘high-capability’ innovation in this paper. The paper argues that this bias influences the public and business community's understanding of the term ‘innovation’ and has implications for innovation measurement, research, policy and strategy. The study uses data from an economy-wide, regional innovation survey based on the Oslo manual, and includes 648 innovative firms covering all industry sectors. The paper combines elements of both subject and object approaches to innovation measurement, using data from an open-ended survey question to explore the alignment between what firms report as their ‘most important innovation’ (MII) and firm capabilities for introducing ‘high-capability’ technological innovation. Results show that a substantial share of firms report an MII that is a ‘low-capability’ innovation, including those firms with high R&D intensity, those with novel technological innovation, and firms in more innovative sectors of manufacturing and knowledge intensive business services. The paper discusses the implications of this result for future innovation measurement and research.     

技术选择与湖北省产业结构转型升级实证研究

从企业技术选择的角度出发,以湖北省2001-2013年数据为对象,分析了技术选择对产业结构发展的影响,并加入政府政策因素,探讨了制度的意义。结果表明：2001年以来,湖北省技术选择、科技成果转化与产业结构演进之间呈现阶段性特征;可从产业技术选择系数和科技成果转化两个角度为产业结构升级寻求动力支撑;短期内,产业发展受到技术选择系数和科技成果情况的影响有所不同;长期内,三次产业内人均产出水平对技术选择系数和科技成果发展的影响各不相同。     

Limits to creative destruction and technologies in practice: the case of ham radio

Drawing on the structurationist notion of ‘technologies-in-practice’, this article analyses the different types of technological actions that users perform, after technological change, in order to keep a declining technology alive over time. The research question of the article is: How do technologies-in-practice based on the application of new technology hamper the creative destruction of old technology? The case study of ham radio technology and amateur radio operators is explored. The results of the investigation support the development of a technology-in-practice ‘experimentation’ and four inductive research propositions.     

The Dynamics of Technological Unemployment*

This article compares the short‐ and long‐run effects of technological progress on employment. It presents a simple model of frictional unemployment capturing the negative creative destruction effects of technological change on employment. In the long run, faster technological change accelerates job obsolescence, which reduces the equilibrium level of employment. But it is also shown to have short‐run positive and potentially important effects on employment. This tends to partially reconcile the ‘‘Schumpeterian'’ view of the effects of technological change on labor markets with facts such as the response of most OECD unemployment rates to the 1970s productivity slowdown.     

Rapid Technology Change, ‘Technological Visions’, Corporate Organisation And Market Structure

This paper is a contribution to the analysis of how rapid technology change influences market structure. The paper uses a simple simulation model to explore the effects of four main factors on the development of market structure. These are: (1) the variance (or unpredictability) of the technology trajectory; (2) the speed with which the organisation's ‘technological vision’ adjusts to ongoing technological developments; (3) the absorptive capacity of each division in the multi-divisional firm to experience gained in other divisions; (4) the extent to which competence-destroying innovations generate greater cost penalties for the division of a multi-divisional firm than for a comparable mono-divisional firm. Simultion results are obtained for 100 technological trajectories, and a variety of parameterisations. While there is a tendency for noisier trajectories to disadvantage the larger multi-divisional firm, there are conditions under which such a firm benefits from a noisy technological environment. When competence-destorying innovations affect the division of a multi-divisional firm no worse than the comparable mono-divisional firm, the multi-divisional firm is not disproportionately affected by a noisy trajectory. It may, however, be seriously damaged by a slow adjustment of technological vision, especially when all scale economies are dynamic (rather than static). The simulations confirm that the absorptive capacity of each division to experience from others can be critical in determining the ultimate market structure. A brief empirical motivation for the model is offered by reference to some case studies of the semiconductor industry.     

辽宁省产业结构对其经济增长影响的实证研究

运用区位商和聚类分析方法分析了辽宁省的产业结构层次;运用偏离-份额法,从产业结构和竞争力两个方面分析辽宁省的三次产业结构、工业产业结构对其经济增长速度、经济增长效益的影响。结果显示:在全国区域分工中,辽宁省的产业结构层次较高;辽宁省第二、三产业的快速发展促进了其经济实现较快增长;辽宁省技术含量高、附加值高的工业行业的发展水平仍较低,这些行业在区际分工中不具有优势;冶金、化工、机械制造等投资大、资本有机构成高的重化工业在辽宁省经济中仍占有举足轻重的地位。     

International comparison of technological activities and specializations: a patent-based monitoring system

Based on patent-based indicators, this study aims to an analyze the positions of a number of western contries in a broad spectrum of technology fields. Particular attention is focused on the Netherlands. Patent-based indicators reflect results of research and developement activities and may provide an insight into developement of possible economic interest. Earlier studies have shown a positive correlation between a country's patent position and the development of, for instance, foreign trade. We applied patent indicators to analyze a country's patenting activity in a field of technology as compared with the world average (or an average for a specific group of countries). It indicates to what extent a country ‘specializes’ in that field. Such an analysis yields a country's ‘profile’ as an ‘inventor country’. Monitoring all fields, covering the whole area of technology for an extended period of time, by patent analysis provides an insight into the technological position of a particular country relative to other countries. The results of the analysis performed in this study are represented in a specific graphical form, covering both absolute and relative (‘specializations’) technological activites. Thus a monitoring system useful for technology policy and research and developement management is constructed.     

外包与工资差距:基于工业行业数据的实证研究

笔者以Feenstra等人的三要素模型为基础,分析了国际外包影响发达国家及发展中国家熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间工资差距的理论机制,运用我国工业行业面板数据,实证检验了外包对我国工业行业总体及分部门工资差距的影响。结果表明:外包和技术进步对我国工业行业熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间工资差距的扩大均存在明显的正效应,但外包对劳动力资源密集型部门和中等技术部门的影响效应相对更强。     

比较优势理论研究述评

根据比较优势理论研究的新进展,本文对比较优势理论进行了系统述评。本文用超边际分析方法阐述Ricardian模型的均衡解是各国进行专业化分工并出口技术比较优势产品;本文分别用序列分析法和边际分析方法对HOV理论进行了分析,两种分析方法的均衡解都符合比较优势理论的基本思想。比较优势的来源除了技术、要素禀赋,还有规模经济、交易效率等,这些是决定当今国际贸易结构的重要因素。     

Innovative performance with interactions between technological proximity and geographic proximity: evidence from China electronics patents

A lot of researches have shown that geographic proximity and technological proximity influence firms’ innovative performance. Little work has been done to explore how technological proximity interacts with geographic proximity. Using the theories of recombinant innovation and economic geography, this study develops and tests a theory of how firms’ abilities to reap local benefits and generate innovation are influenced by technological features. Data on technological and geographic proximity of the top 100 firms in China’s electronics industry from 1985 to 2012 are used to test the hypotheses. This study shows that, for a firm with high geographic proximity or located in a dense area of R&D, a low technological proximity in the industry facilitates the process of recombinant innovation.     

产业协同集聚对经济高质量发展的影响

以创新能力为中介变量,剖析产业协同集聚对经济高质量发展的影响机理,构建门槛效应模型,收集2005—2019年中国内地30个省市区产业协同集聚、创新能力、经济高质量发展相关数据,准确测度产业协同集聚及其通过创新能力对经济高质量发展的影响效应,运用Arcgis软件对产业协同集聚水平进行可视化分析。结果表明,我国产业协同集聚呈现不均衡特征,在空间上,除西部协同集聚区（四川、重庆、贵州、陕西）外,呈现东高西低、沿海高内陆低的特征,马太效应显著;在时间上,呈现四足鼎立的演化趋势。依据自身产业协同集聚与经济高质量发展的协同性水平,各省可采取协同集聚与经济高质量维持型、协同集聚与经济高质量加强型、协同集聚度加强型、经济高质量加强型的差异化策略。产业协同集聚对创新能力和经济高质量发展都存在双门槛效应,影响效应边际递减。     

中国经济规模报酬测算及影响因素分析

中国经济要保持长期持续增长必须要转变经济增长方式。经济增长方式由要素投入增加型转向效率提高型的经济学内涵在于报酬递增机制的形成。从这样一个视角出发,运用了35个工业行业2000-2008年数据对中国经济增长中的规模报酬情况进行了测算,并对中国报酬递增的影响因素进行了分析,发现现阶段分工与技术创新仍是最为核心的要素。中国经济增长方式要转向报酬递增驱动的机制,最为根本的在于分工与技术创新良性互动机制的形成。     

Economics of soft innovation: a review article

This article identifies and articulates the foundations of the theoretical approach of the new book ‘Soft innovation: Economics, product aesthetics and the creative industries’ by Professor Paul Stoneman. This book is likely to open a new research area within the economics of innovation. The source of economic growth and prosperity is technological change and the economics of innovation to date has mainly focused on technological approaches to innovation. However, the development of the technological base of product and process can explain only a part of economic growth as soft innovation represents a relevant additional source of economic development that has received little attention so far. The source of a unified economic approach for soft innovation relies on Lancaster's theory of consumer behaviour coupled with the variety approach, innovation in services and the economics of knowledge. It appears as though industry structures favouring the successive emergence of new variants are characterised by soft innovations.     

马克思社会分工制度理论研析:一个视角和两个维度

基于分工和社会分工制度动态演进的视角,本文力图从纵、横两个维度揭示分工与技术进步、生产力发展、商品经济和迂回生产之间交互作用、循环累积的内在机制。在纵向上,探索不同社会形态下社会分工制度与商品经济和市场经济同步互动发展的历史演进规律;在横向上,从当代不同劳动分工形态共生并存和相互转化中考察社会分工制度的最新发展及其演进趋势,进而揭示和丰富马克思社会分工制度理论的科学内涵。在此基础上,回答与社会分工制度密切相关的几个问题,并引出相关结论。     

垄断、分工与市场

中国的国有企业一直面临着垄断的指责，但这种指责却是极其模糊和偏颇的。本文从时间与空间对垄断的概念进行界定，认为垄断是一种相对而非绝对的状态，其基础源于分工，是一个在与市场的相互作用下不断扩张的过程。笔者认为，从这种理论概念的澄清上可以看出，对于国有企业而言，绝大部分对于垄断的指责是偏颇的，也是不符合现实的。