我国创新支持政策:理论分析及其有效性检验

本文在一个累积创新框架下分析了各种创新支持政策的作用机理,并检验了我国相应政策工具在促进私人研发作用上的有效性。运用我国地区大中型工业企业数据进行系统GMM估计发现,直接资助以及高校提供的公共研发对企业私人研发产生替代效应,科研机构提供的公共研发对企业研发具有促进效应,而专利保护政策对企业研发具有不显著的负向影响。结合理论分析与经验结果,本文推断:信息不对称和项目的不可验证性导致的道德风险,高校研发以应用技术为主的导向未得到根本转变以及企业整体创新能力偏低,是导致我国创新支持政策效果不佳的主要原因。     

Assessing the effect of educational programs on public schools’ performance

This paper provides evidence on the effectiveness in the implementation of an educational program which offered public schools in Catalonia (Spain) the opportunity to improve the quality of educational provision. We employ a difference-in-differences approach on rich balanced panel data of public schools. The results confirm that the program did effectively improve students’ achievement and reduce absenteeism, albeit not for all modules and school types or across all years. Our results highlight that it is important to condition the delivery of resources upon specific academic goals depending on the characteristics of the treated population. Additionally, program results suggest the need to enhance educational program design in order to get better evaluation feedback.

Abbreviations: DoE: Department of Education; EU: European Union; PMQCE: Projecte per a la Millora de la Qualitat dels Centres Educatius; DiD: Differences-in-Differences; SFDC: Schools Facing Disadvantaged Conditions; OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; REA: Regional Educational Authority     

国外创新政策评估与设计研究述评

创新是经济长期增长和经济快速发展的关键动力,创新政策在其中发挥了重要的作用。本文首先界定了创新政策和创新政策评估与设计的内涵,创新政策是创新系统的表现形式,创新政策评估与设计是一个系统内与创新相关的主体行为规则体系的评估及再造的理论和方法体系。其次阐述了两种不同的创新政策的的形式及理论基础,在新古典主义经济学理论中,公共政策干预的一个必要条件是市场失灵;在创、新和演化经济学理论中,创新政策制定的注意力从注重市场失灵转向解决系统失灵。在上述两种分析框架下,深入探讨和分析了创新政策实践。最后对国外创新政策评估与设计研究现状进行了概括和评价,列举了国外创新政策评估与设计研究的特征,指出了研究中的不足。     

文化产业园区创新要素、创新环境与创新绩效：一个有调节的中介作用模型

文章基于产业集聚的观点,以创意人才为研究对象,探讨文化园区创新要素对创新绩效的影响机制,并探究创新环境的中介作用,检验政策配置的调节作用。建立基于文化产业园区创新要素与创新绩效的调节中介作用模型,运用问卷调查进行实证分析。结果表明：(1)创新要素对创新环境具有显著正向影响,但创新要素的三个维度中,社会网络、个人成长对创新绩效影响不显著;(2)创新要素中的信息共享与知识溢出维度和创新绩效直接显著,而个人能力通过创新环境中介作用影响创新产出;(3)政策配置在创新环境和创新绩效的中介效应中起到正向调节作用,政策支持力度越高对创新产出的影响越大。因此,政府应该引导建立以创新为导向的要素集聚,通过营造良好的创新氛围,完善社会网络结构,降低区域的创新阻力,进而提升文化创造力的集聚与外溢能力。     

个人所得税改革中的马太效应及其矫正

在中国,个人所得税是通过累进的个人所得税调节收入分配,调节高收入者的收入水平,以期缩小贫富差距,逐步实现趋于社会公平的收入分配方式。然而就中国现状来看,它不仅没有起到公平收入分配的调节作用,而且也在一定程度上放大了贫富差距的“马太效应”。因此,中国个人所得税模式改革取向,应是个人所得税的工具能发挥更好的作用。     

The development of technology foresight: A review

The term “foresight” has long been used to describe readiness to deal with long-term issues (especially on the part of governments). This term “Technology Foresight” took off in the 1990s, as European, and then other, countries sought new policy tools to deal with problems in their science, technology and innovation systems. Large-scale exercises drew in numerous stakeholders as sources of knowledge and influence, and the prominence of these exercises led to “foresight” being used much more widely to describe futures activities of many kinds. While few new tools and techniques have been developed in these exercises, they represent an unprecedented diffusion of forecasting, planning and participatory approaches to long-term issues. Futures approaches are, in consequence, far more officially acceptable and legitimate than in the past.     

The choice of innovation policy instruments

The purpose of this article is to discuss the different types of instruments of innovation policy, to examine how governments and public agencies in different countries and different times have used these instruments differently, to explore the political nature of instrument choice and design (and associated issues), and to elaborate a set of criteria for the selection and design of the instruments in relation to the formulation of innovation policy. The article argues that innovation policy instruments must be designed and combined into mixes in ways that address the problems of the innovation system. These mixes are often called “policy mix”. The problem-oriented nature of the design of instrument mixes is what makes innovation policy instruments ‘systemic’.     

顺水推舟：动态能力如何驱动企业创新战略演化？——基于西门子（中国）的纵向案例研究

创新战略影响企业创新发展方向及成效,但其在数字化转型过程中的演化路径尚不明朗。本文运用纵向单案例研究方法,以西门子（中国）为研究对象,从动态能力视角解剖数字化转型过程中创新战略的演化路径。研究发现：在数字化转型的探索期、成长期、加速期,企业在不同动态能力的推动下顺势实现创新战略演化。其中,在数字识别能力驱动下,企业创新战略主要表现为利用式创新战略,在数字整合能力驱动下,企业创新战略主要表现为探索式创新战略与利用式创新战略并存,而在数字重构能力驱动下,企业创新战略则主要表现为探索式创新战略。本文通过纵向单案例研究,揭示了动态能力驱动下企业数字化转型的内在过程及创新战略演化路径。本文有望拓展动态能力理论在数字化情境中的应用,并从演化视角深化企业创新战略研究,同时为企业有效运用动态能力以推进数字化转型,以及创新战略制定提供理论支撑与路径指引。     

论低碳经济发展视阈下的公共政策创新

在全球变暖及其所带来的一系列生态环境问题备受国际关注的时代背景下,低碳经济发展越来越受到各国政府的普遍重视。本文分别从能源安全政策、产业、财税政策、公共参与政策、人才政策以及消费政策五方面展开分析,在此基础上提出适合我国国情的低碳政策创新建议。     

企业可持续创新能力评价研究——基于ANP方法

创新是企业生存和发展的永恒主题,在当前超竞争的环境下、在自然生态环境日益恶化的情况下,可持续创新理论是传统的创新理论发展的必然趋势。本文构建了由3个一级指标（技术创新能力、制度创新能力和控制能力）、12个二级指标和42个三级指标构成的企业可持续创新能力的评价指标体系,针对企业可持续创新能力指标的特点（具有相互依赖和反馈的关系）选择了较新的多目标决策方法——网络层次分析法（ANP）确定权重,建立了企业可持续创新能力指标体系的ANP结构模型,分析了企业可持续创新能力指标的相互依赖关系,采用专家打分法对比相关联指标的相对重要性,并在此基础上利用ANP应用软件一SD软件得到各评价指标的权重,最终采用模糊评价方法得出评价值。     

政策脱轨效应:评估环境政策的新框架

目前我国尚未形成统一的环境政策评估规范体系,而对具体环境政策进行评估时,可能会因不同领域、不同视角、不同评估方法而带来不同的评估结果。针对现有环境政策评估体系存在的局限性,提出可以客观评估环境政策实施效果的框架:政策脱轨效应。从政策脱轨效应的定义、产生原因、分类及评估思路四个方面构建理论体系,同时根据脱轨效应理论框架分析我国不同时期的环境政策。该框架体系的基本特点是:将不同环境政策的评估统一到同一体系之下,以特定的模型和方法,评估环境政策实施是否存在脱轨效应。研究表明,环境政策实施后存在发生政策脱轨效应的可能性;消费品之间的替代(或互补)关系、单位环境效益和单位产量排污因子均会影响政策脱轨效应的产生;从脱轨效应角度分析,环境政策制定时的决策目标会影响政策实施效果,只有当环境政策以社会净福利为决策目标时,政策实施才可能避免出现政策脱轨效应,实现环境保护和经济增长的双重红利。     

Can a temporary financial assistance scheme prevent a transition into poverty among individuals who experienced a life event crisis?

This article evaluates the impact of the Crisis Assistance Program for Basic Living (CAPBL), which was implemented in South Korea to assist at-risk individuals by providing temporary benefits. National administration data for 30,845 individuals covering 2009 to 2011 were analyzed to compare poverty transition time in recipients vs. non-recipients using a quasi-experimental design. The results indicate that the CAPBL did not prevent at-risk individuals from transitioning into poverty but, instead, facilitated individuals’ transition into welfare recipients. The findings suggest that the program must be fundamentally reformed to prevent individuals from being trapped in poverty.