“一带一路”沿线国家出口贸易潜力研究——基于扩展引力模型对浙江省数据的分析

本文研究我国与"一带一路"沿线国家的出口贸易潜力,并着重从省市层面进行分析,以出口大省浙江为例,运用扩展引力模型,实证检验了浙江省对"一带一路"沿线国家的出口影响因素和出口贸易潜力。研究表明:出口贸易受经济规模、人口数量、距离、自由贸易协定安排和沿海国家条件等因素的显著影响;浙江省与18个沿线国家是出口贸易潜力成熟型关系,与13个沿线国家是出口贸易潜力成长型关系,与23个沿线国家是出口贸易潜力待开发型关系。基于此,本文为继续推动"一带一路"建设提出相关对策建议。     

我国汽车制造业的贸易流量与出口潜力:基于引力模型的分析

近年来,随着汽车工业的发展,汽车制造业出口呈现出快速增长的势头,在我国出口商品中所占的比重不断增加。本文选取了与我国汽车贸易往来最为密切的39个国家和地区,通过构建引力模型,对影响1 999年以来我国汽车制造业出口的主要因素进行了实证分析。在此基础上,对未来我国汽车制造业出口贸易的发展潜力进行了预测,并提出了我国汽车制造业出口持续发展的对策建议。     

Who in Brazil Will Gain from Global Trade Reforms?

The potential impacts of multilateral trade liberalisation on developing countries are the subject of numerous controversies. One particular concern is that Brazil, a major agricultural exporter and a country with one of the world's most unequal income distributions, will reap a substantial share of the potential benefits to developing countries from agricultural trade reform, and that most of those benefits will go to large‐scale commercial farmers rather than to the country's smallholders. This claim is explored via a global general equilibrium model and a national model of Brazil containing multiple agricultural and non‐agricultural households. Brazil is found to account for nearly one‐half of all the benefits to developing countries deriving from global agricultural trade reform. These gains are associated with improvements in the welfare of each group and a lower incidence of poverty. Large‐scale producers gain more than smallholders as they tend to be relatively specialised in export products, but there are important gains to agricultural employees, who are relatively poor, and to urban households, who benefit from the expansion of the agro‐food sector. Overall, there is no discernible impact on income inequality, and no evidence that the gains to commercial farmers occur at the expense of poorer households.     

广东省与东盟农产品贸易流量与贸易潜力分析——基于引力模型的研究

随着"早期收获"计划实施,广东从东盟进口农产品快速增加,但对东盟出口却增长缓慢,甚至出现下滑的不利局面。本文运用引力模型对影响广东农产品出口的因素进行了验证,并对出口东盟农产品流量进行了测算分析。研究表明,广东对东盟农产品出口流量受东盟国家的GDP、人均GDP、距离以及区域贸易制度安排等因素的影响;广东同大多数东盟国家农产品贸易呈现"贸易不足",广东农产品对东盟出口仍有很大的增长空间。     

Safety survey of Iran's mines and comparison to some other countries

The increasing development of mining activities in Iran makes it necessary to have a closer look at the safety issues. Analysis of different incidents and damages in mines can be helpful for the adoption of suitable approaches to prevent the incidents. In this study, safety statistics of Iran's mines in 2011 and 2012 were assessed and important incidents and injuries happening to employees for 12 different groups of minerals were evaluated and eventually compared to the situation of some other countries. According to the obtained results, the average incidence probability in Iran's mines was calculated to be 0.18 for 2011 and the incidence probability of coal, copper and iron ore mines was greater than others. The injury rate of Iran's mines was 106 and 164 out of 10,000 persons for 2011 and 2012, respectively, and the maximum values of injury rate belonged to coal, dimension stone and aggregate mines. Also, it turned out that the fatal rate per 100 tons of production had the highest values in chromite and coal mines. Besides, comparison of injury rate and the fatal rate in Iran and some countries showed that the safety situation in Iran's mines was in a fair condition.     

The Gravity of China's African Export Promise

Africa's largest trade partner, China, criticised for exchanging resources for manufactures, has promised to increase imports and optimise the structure of trade with Africa. Using a gravity model of China's imports for the years 1995–2009, we explore potential dynamics for this promise, uniquely accounting for market economy recognition and Taiwan recognition. The former is associated with increased imports, while the latter effect is ambiguous and statistically insignificant. Comparison of projected against actual imports across three growth‐path‐aligned economic geography typologies – resource‐rich; landlocked and resource‐poor; coastal and resource‐poor – sets out China's imports trends in an abstract framework of African export potential. We find not only ‘under’ importing across a majority of resource‐poor countries. We also find that current trade policy is the least applicable to these comparatively poor exporters’ trade with China. If the latter are to serve a broader catalytic role in Africa's regional industrial transformation as compared to the role of coastal and resource‐poor countries in regional economic transformation in Asia and Latin America, China–Africa trade and investment policies may need additional thinking.     

中国农产品质量安全追溯体系的出口贸易效应分析

近些年来各国政府和组织更加重视农产品质量安全追溯体系的建设,发达国家相继对出口到当地的农产品作出的可追溯性要求,凸显了中国农产品质量安全追溯体系的出口贸易效应。本文在梳理相关研究文献和总结国内外农产品追溯体系实施现状的基础上,添加"是否可追溯"这一变量,运用扩张后的贸易引力模型,利用1992-2010年我国农产品主要出口数据,就中国农产品追溯体系实施的贸易效应进行实证检验。研究发现,欧盟、美国和日本等主要进口国家和地区的追溯性要求对中国农产品的出口产生了积极的贸易促进效应,根据这一实证结论提出,应该从政府支持和消费者认可两个方面采取措施,推动中国农产品质量安全追溯体系建设。     

中国与中东欧16国贸易效率和潜力研究——基于非效率项随机前沿引力模型

贸易效率和贸易潜力是衡量国际贸易有效程度、确定未来贸易发展方向的重要指标。基于非效率项随机前沿引力模型,分别在"16+1"和"16+1+10"背景下测算了中国与中东欧16国的贸易效率和潜力,结果表明:中国与中东欧国家的双边贸易效率较高,但贸易潜力不显著;中国对中东欧国家的出口贸易效率低于双边贸易效率,出口贸易潜力超过双边贸易潜力;出口贸易潜力在"16+1+10"背景下较"16+1"背景下有显著提高。由此,提出进一步落实"16+1"合作机制、扩大进口、改进交通运输设施的建议,以期实现贸易潜力,提高贸易效率。     

中日韩三国农产品贸易竞争关系的研究

建立中日韩自由贸易区是区域经济一体化发展的必然要求,而三国间的农产品贸易现状与发展趋势,以及农产品贸易的特殊性对自由贸易区的建立具有十分重要的影响。本文通过产品相似性指数和市场相似性指数对中日韩三国农产品的贸易竞争关系进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,中日韩三国间的农产品相似性指数高于市场相似性指数,农产品贸易关系以竞争性为主,并依据本文研究得出的主要结论,提出了扩大我国农产品出口的相关建议。     

基于制度质量视角的我国出口贸易区位选择影响因素研究——扩展引力模型的面板数据实证检验

本文从引力方程的微观基础出发,推导出包含制度质量的引力模型,进而把正式制度分为政治制度、经济制度和法律制度三大类共15个子指标,研究制度质量和我国出口贸易的关系,利用占我国对外贸易额85%以上的35个国家(或地区)1996-2011年的面板数据进行部分变量和全变量实证检验。所得结论验证了我国出口贸易偏好于经济发展水平比较高的国家(或地区)这一传统结论,同时认为我国的出口贸易对制度质量高的国家(或地区)也存在较强偏好,制度质量对我国出口贸易地理结构有重要影响,是影响我国出口贸易区位选择非常重要的因素。     

Effects of the Regional Trading Arrangements on Trade: Evidence from the NAFTA,ANZCER and ASEAN Countries, 1989 – 2000

Using the modified gravity model, this study examines whether the free trade areas of NAFTA, ANZCER and ASEAN would result in trade creation among the member countries and trade diversion with the non-member countries. Further, it applies Linder's income similarity concept to explain the trade patterns in the developed and developing countries within these free trade areas. First, the results suggest that the implementations of the free trade areas have facilitated higher trade among the member countries, particularly the ANZCER and ASEAN countries. However, among all three free trade areas, the formation of the ANZCER free trade area has resulted in trade diversion with non-member countries, whereas that of the ASEAN free trade area has resulted in a trade increase with non-member countries. Surprisingly, the formation of the NAFTA free trade area has no significant effect on trade with non-member countries as their trade flows remain quite low even before its implementation. Second, the result indicates that the trade-enhancing effect of income similarity is confirmed for the developing rather than developed member countries. The developing member countries with similar incomes would trade extensively more with each other. This result can be partly explained by Hanink's income threshold concept, which argues that the income similarity effect is only applicable to developed countries with very small difference in incomes. Given the heterogeneous country sample in this study, the substantial income differences among the developed member countries would probably account for the lack of income similarity effect in these countries.     

主要发达国家农产品技术性贸易壁垒的比较及对我国的启示

加入WTO以来我国农产品出口贸易增长很快,但由于种种原因,在国际市场上屡受阻挠,尤其是以欧美日为代表的发达国家凭借自身优势所实施的技术性贸易壁垒,对我国农产品出口带来了极大的影响。通过对欧美日等发达国家的技术性贸易壁垒比较分析,探寻我国能够借鉴的经验。     

China and the Trans‐Pacific Partnership: A Numerical Simulation Assessment of the Effects Involved

The Trans‐Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a new negotiation on cross‐border liberalisation of goods and service flows going beyond WTO disciplines and focused on issues such as regulation and border controls. This paper uses numerical simulation methods to assess the potential effects of a TPP agreement on China and also China's inclusion or exclusion on other countries. We use a numerical 11‐country global general equilibrium model with trade costs and inside money. Trade costs are calculated using a method based on gravity equations. TPP barriers potentially removable are trade costs less tariffs. Simulation results reveal that China will be slightly hurt by TPP initiatives in welfare when China is out, but the total production and export will be increased. Other non‐TPP countries will be mostly hurt in welfare, but member countries will mostly gain. If China takes part in TPP, she will significantly gain and increase other TPP countries' gain as well. The comparison of TPP effects and global free trade effects show that the positive effects of global free trade are stronger than TPP effects. Japan's joining TPP would be beneficial to both herself and most of other TPP countries, but which negative effects on China's welfare when out of TPP will increase further.     

Why do developing countries resist global trade agreements?

Abstract

Although the Doha Development Round was launched with much promise for developing countries in 2001, the global trade negotiations have collapsed. One of the reasons for the lack of progress in the negotiation is the developed countries' unwillingness to reduce their enormous farm domestic subsidies and massive agricultural trade distortions. The developing countries' economies are characterized by heavy dependence on farm sector, labor-intensive agriculture, and persistent unemployment. Consequently, rich nations' unfair agricultural policies are detrimental to the well-being of poor exporting countries. This study develops a model incorporating developed countries' domestic and trade policies and developing countries' economic characteristics to illustrate the adverse effects of rich countries' policies on poor countries. We show that elimination of developed countries' policies will increase the world prices of agricultural commodities, which will benefit the farm-dependent developing countries.     

海南出口贸易决定因素与出口潜力研究

本文基于引力方程实证研究了海南出口贸易的决定因素和出口潜力,研究结果表明:贸易伙伴的经济总量、经济发展水平以及贸易伙伴与海南的空间、文化、制度距离均是影响海南出口贸易的重要因素;尽管与香港、美国、德国等传统出口市场已"贸易过度",但对亚洲周边地区以及欧美主要发达国家仍有较大的出口潜力。     

Are There Efficiency Gains from the Removal of Natural Resource Export Restrictions? Evidence from British Columbia

Log export bans (LEBs) are a popular development tool utilised by developing nations with sizable endowments of timber; however, the actual impact of these policies is debatable. British Columbia has a developed forestry sector and still maintains a LEB. This trade restriction continually creates conflicts with Canada's international trade partners, including the United States. This paper examines the efficiency implications of a hypothetical removal of roundwood export restrictions in British Columbia using roundwood price and quantity data from 1995 to 2008. A time‐series econometric approach is utilised to determine supply and demand elasticities for British Columbia's roundwood. Empirical results from a vector error correction model suggest that a removal of export restrictions will generate an overall increase of approximately $347.91 million US dollars per year to British Columbia's forest economy.     

我国农产品标准化的贸易效应——基于引力模型的实证分析

近些年来,我国农产品标准化水平大幅提高,极大地促进了农产品贸易的发展,但与发达国家还存在很大的差距,这种差距是导致我国对发达国家出口受到贸易限制的主要原因,同时也使得我国不能像发达国家一样,将标准化作为贸易保护的政策工具。运用引力模型从实证角度对标准化对我国农产品贸易的促进效应和贸易保护效应的检验也证实了这一观点。我国必须采取措施,提高农产品标准化水平,促进对外贸易的发展。     

The scope for E-Commerce in central and eastern European countries' services trade

The general attitude on the potential for e-commerce in services trade is rather enthusiastic and emphasises extraordinary opportunities for its expansion. The Internet extends the scope of services, which are tradable and transforms local services into internationally tradable ones. This article argues that countries which rely on high quality e-tradable services are in a better position to take advantage of e-commerce in services trade than those, which rely on location-bound services. It is examined to what extent the characteristics of central and eastern European countries' services export portfolio determine the potential of these countries for the expansion of services exports through e-commerce.     

中国与印度农产品贸易的动态与前景分析

近几年来,中国与印度的农产品双边贸易发展较快,不断增长的趋势明显,但双边贸易的不稳定性与不平衡性亦显得尤为突出。文章从实证分析的角度出发,利用出口集中度指数、产业内贸易指数、显性比较优势指数、贸易互补性指数等方法分析中印农产品双边贸易的现状、产品结构、发展趋势等问题。研究发现:中印两国在农产品贸易方面具有出口集中度高、以产业间贸易为主、优势农产品差异明显、双边贸易互补性强、发展潜力巨大等特征。     

US trade preferences and export performance of developing countries: Evidence from the generalized system of preferences

Preferential market access such as the generalized system of preferences (GSP) is clearly recognized as a way of enabling developing countries export their way out of poverty. It has been a vital feature of industrialized countries' commercial policy for nearly 30 years. This study empirically explores the linkages between US trade preferences under the GSP and beneficiary country exports. Using a large US import database covering over 120 developing countries, the study examines the extent to which GSP influences export performance. The results largely indicate that the GSP has a significant and positive effect on beneficiary exports to US for all country and product groups. A proper understanding of this relationship will help donors and recipients devise appropriate policies to help encourage the growth and diversification of exports that is so vital for developing countries.