Technology and social change: William Fielding Ogburn revisited

This paper reviews William Fielding Ogburn's work on technology and social change. An overview of his basic theory is presented, as well as later refinements found in such works as Recent Social Trends in the United States, Technological Trends and National Policy, The Social Effects of Aviation, and other books and articles. It is suggested that while Ogburn is most widely remembered for his thesis of cultural lag, some of his later work on technology and social change is actually more important and deserves reconsideration and extension. One kind of extension might follow the lines of a systems approach rather than continuing the technological primacy strategy that Ogburn is normally considered to have used. The paper also surveys Ogburn's important work in the areas of technology, planning, and social policy, including materials on technology assessment. Ogburn's nontechnocratic approach to these questions, as well as his insistence that social scientists have a great deal to offer to the formulation of technological and social policies, are some of his most important contributions. Questions of technology and social change remain important contemporary issues, yet there is a surprising paucity of social science work on these crucial topics. Further study, extension, and reformulation of Ogburn's pioneering ideas offer fruitful means of embarking on new social science analyses of technology and society.     

澳大利亚以合作研究中心计划为抓手建设国家创新体系

科教是经济增长与社会进步的不竭动力,是综合国力竞争的灵魂和焦点。如何促进科教与经济的融合,使科技成果更好地造福人民、支撑国民经济发展,是各国政府科技主管部门关注的重点工作。澳大利亚政府以合作研究中心计划为重要抓手,大力推动国家创新体系建设,促进产学研结合,支持建立和扶持新兴产业。通过介绍该计划的运行和管理机制,利用案例和数据分析了该计划的主要特点。该计划具有支持终端用户驱动的产学研合作,促进科技和产业的融合,以科技平台协调各部门、各地方及国际资源,培养应用型技术人才等特点。期望澳大利亚实施合作研究中心计划的做法和经验对我国国家创新体系建设有所启示。     

苏州市低碳经济产学研合作创新基地建设模式研究

建立低碳经济产学研合作创新基地,已经成为苏州市引领国内技术创新、亟需完成的重要工程。基于对苏州市"人才挤出"和"科技吸附"效应的预期,设计了低碳经济产学研合作创新基地"三阶段"建设模式,并分别对创新基地"三阶段"的职能定位和组织结构进行了设计,最后从研发方向选择、软环境建设、投融资体系建设、政产学研联盟建立等方面提出建设路径。     

高校牵头国家重大科技项目科研组织模式研究——以北航长鹰无人机为例

新中国成立以来,国家在航空航天、通信计算机、智能制造、新材料等多个领域先后推出一系列重大科技项目,致力于突破关键技术、保障国防安全、推动社会经济发展。20世纪90年代末,我国将中高空长航时无人机研发作为重大战略性科技项目,在几乎一穷二白的困境下由高校牵头开展原型机自主研制并最终取得成功。以具有划时代意义的长鹰无人机研制历程为例,基于扎根理论归纳国家重大科技项目特征及科研组织模式,探讨模式中的关键组成要素及相互作用关系。结果发现,该模式以面向国家战略需求导向的大项目为牵引,在跨建制、跨单位、跨系统建成的国家队与产学研合作大平台的相互作用下,促成总体目标实现、人才队伍培养、产业发展带动等重大成果的正向激励反馈。在新时代背景下,该研究结论能为高校服务国家重大战略需求、更好地发挥科技创新生力军作用提供有价值的实践路径和管理经验。     

全球不信任研究文献计量分析与启示——基于Web of Science

文章采用文献计量分析方法,对发表于1918-2014年之间被Web of Science(即SCIE、SSCI和AHCI)收录的以"不信任"为主题的9938篇文献,从类型、年度发表情况、学科类别、研究领域、来源期刊统计、语种、国家与地区、机构、引用与被引用以及H指数进行统计分析;通过这一工作发现:不信任问题逐步成为包括心理学、哲学、社会学、经济学、法学、管理学、互联网科学、生理学等众多学科的学者关注和研究的热点以及焦点问题,发表在国外相关核心权威期刊的论文数逐年递增,专注不信任研究的学者(即发表论文多的学者)数量也不断增加,引用和被引用的文献数也逐年递增,不信任研究文献的H指数也不断提高;在不信任的研究领域中,针对在线信息、技术和商务系统方面的研究,呈现强劲的态势,McKnight研究团队占据研究的主导地位并且在电子商务不信任的研究中发挥引领作用,相关成果也较丰硕。文章的研究结果将为国内有关不信任研究尤其电子商务不信任研究提供借鉴和参考。     

中国国防工业全要素生产率测算与分析

利用2004—2020年中国11大军工集团财务报表数据,从企业微观角度出发,运用LP方法计算国防工业全要素生产率并分析其变化趋势。结果表明,样本期内,我国国防工业全要素生产率总体呈波动上升趋势,其增长率高于制造业整体水平但低于高技术产业增速,说明国防工业技术进步比较明显,但进步速率还不够高;各细分军工行业全要素生产率存在较大差异,电子工业和船舶工业全要素生产率均值比其它军工行业高。收敛性分析表明,国防工业中,全要素生产率较低企业对较高企业具有追赶效应。建议军工行业必须转变增长方式,向集约型发展方式转变,提高发展质量;加大研发投入力度,重点扶持技术发展相对缓慢的行业,促进军工行业协调发展;贯彻军民融合发展战略,促进先进民用技术转军用。     

Industrial leadership in science-based industries: A co-evolution model

In this paper, we seek to analyse the role of national university systems in combination with technological and market factors as sources of industrial leadership and industry growth in science-based industries. We propose a model in which national university systems and their respective national firms and industries are considered as co-evolving. National firms compete on a worldwide level and they rely on the progress of science and the availability of scientists to innovate. As the global industry develops, firms try to mold their national university systems, but they achieve different degrees of success. Apart from highlighting the role of institutional responsiveness as a source of competitive advantage, our model points to the access to essential inputs for production, the technological and strategic characteristics of firms, the international diffusion of knowledge, and the initial distribution of market demand as key sources of leadership and industry growth. The international mobility of scientists seems to foster the emergence of industrial leadership shifts.     

基于学科特色的高校创业教育课程建设研究

面对当前严峻的就业形势,各高校积极开展创业教育研究。在创业教育课程建设方面取得了很大进步,但在创业教育定位、创业教育师资力量、创业教育教材、课程设置特色方面,还存在很多不足。为了构建完善的创业教育课程体系,需要针对不同学科,理工、人文、经管类学科的不同特点,有针对性地加以改进,完善高校创业教育课程体系。     

技术效率、技术进步与东亚经济增长——基于APEC视角的实证分析

本文运用当期DEA和序列DEA两种方法测度了1960—2004年APEC17个国家和地区的技术效率、技术进步及曼奎斯特生产率指数,并且对APEC经济增长的趋同效应进行了实证检验。本文的主要结论是:20世纪80年代,东亚地区全要素生产率平均增长超过了APEC其他地区,但是全要素生产率对于劳动生产率增长的贡献仍然低于发达国家;在整个样本期存在显著的趋同,资本积累是趋同最重要的源泉,而技术进步则使经济增长发散;序列DEA避免了技术的退步,是一种比当期DEA测度技术进步更好的方法。     

Foresight within ERA-NETs: Experiences from the preparation of an international research program

In this paper, we address challenges of organizing future-oriented consultation processes within European coordination tools for ‘Open Method of Coordination’ – such as ERA-NETs – which are promoted by the European Commission towards the establishment of the European Research Area. Specifically, we report experiences from a recent consultation process that was organized within WoodWisdom-Net (ERA-NET) with the aim of creating an international research agenda, based on the recognition of long-term challenges of the European forest sector and the attendant identification of gaps and new opportunities in wood material science and engineering. This consultation process involved eighteen funding organizations from eight European countries, as well as over 400 participants who represented relevant stakeholder groups, most notably leading researchers and industrialists. Methodologically, the process was based on the Internet-based solicitation and assessment of research issues, the deployment of Robust Portfolio Modeling (RPM) in the identification of promising research issues, and facilitated workshops where the results of Internet-based activities where discussed, validated and synthesized. In addition, extensive network analyses were conducted to support the identification of possible collaboration networks and the development of joint calls for proposals. Drawing on the results from the WoodWisdom-Net consultation process, we discuss the broader potential of Internet-based decision support tools and participatory workshops in promoting foresight activities within ERA-NETs and European coordination tools.     

科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的门槛效应研究

科技人才政策与产学研合作既是国家科技创新系统的重要组成,也是地方政府提升区域创新绩效的重要政策手段。基于此,以27个省（市）2011-2018年面板数据为支撑,运用固定效应模型和门槛回归模型,检验了科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的影响。研究发现：（1）科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的影响显著为正,即科技人才政策有利于区域创新绩效的提升;（2）科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的影响存在产学研合作的门槛效应,即在产学研耦合度大于0.524时,科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的正向激励作用更加明显;（3）科技人才政策对区域创新绩效的影响存在明显的区域差异,即中东部地区科技人才政策与产学研协同政策组合效应优于西部地区。研究结论对于提高我国各省科技人才政策的精准有效设计、优化产学研协同和促进区域科技创新绩效具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

The economics of university-industry research linkages

Cooperative research can involve various combinations of government, industry, and the university. This article focuses on university-industry cooperative research interactions or linkages. Such linkages involve a network of money, information, and human effort flows between the science and engineering sector of the university and its counterpart in business firms. The university is modeled as a multiproduct-multisector nonprofit organization where the linkages are produced by research faculty. A dynamic control theory approach is used to shed light on the economic decisions of the university relating to the hiring of faculty and the production of products. One likely result of such decisions is the fallover time of undergraduate output and the rise of research output. Since research output is an element in overall technological change, the internal management of the university has public policy implications. Other policy values of the analysis are also indicated.     

Wage inequality between and within groups: trade-induced or skill-bias technical change? Alternative age models for the UK

According to recent econometric studies, technical progress is the main source of the increasing skill premium in the UK and the US. However, it is not yet clear if technical progress is skill-bias or sector-bias and, most importantly, if the use of foreign technology has a role to play. By using alternative AGE models for the UK economy, I show that both trade-induced sector-bias technical change and skill-bias technical change can explain the stylised facts of the UK economy: tertiarisation; deindustrialisation; openness to foreign markets; increased skill premium; rise in wage inequality within the skilled; and unskilled labour groups. However, the model with sector-bias technical change due to trade performs better, because it can also explain two other important stylised facts: the decline of the wage rate of unskilled workers; and the large increase of imported capital goods.     

技术进步是转变经济增长方式的关键

纵观当今世界经济的发展趋势，支撑一国经济长期发展的动力已不在于人、财、物的大量投入，而在于科技发展水平和科技应用水平的不断提高。本文通过论述技术进步在经济增长方式转变中的地位和作用，进一步说明在我国目前和今后的经济发展中加速技术进步，促进经济增长方式转变的有效途径。     

新疆财政科技投入的反思与对策——基于跨越式发展视角

欠发达地区实施跨越式发展必须依靠科技革命的推动以及制度的实质性创新,而科技进步必须进行相应的科技投入。在既有的科技投入主体中,财政科技投入是科学研究和技术创新活动的重要基础,是决定地方科技进步的源动力,在落后地区尤其如此。新疆实现跨越式发展已经上升为国家战略,其核心是转变新疆经济发展思路,籍科技水平的提高来提高整体产业竞争力。本文检验了新疆财政科技投入与新疆区域经济发展的因果关系,发现新疆的财政科技投入与经济增长之间存在着单向因果关系。即经济的发展对财政科技投入促进作用十分明显,而财政科技投入对经济发展的促进作用不明显。没有出现＂科技投入→科技进步→经济增长→科技投入→科技进步→经济增长＂的良性循环机制。基于此,在举国科技援疆之际,新疆应该积极改善科技投入机制,实现科技投入和经济发展的良性互动。     

基于DEA-Malmquist的中部地区高技术产业R&D效率实证研究

在中部科技崛起思想背景下,文章基于《中国高技术产业统计年鉴(2005—2010)》数据资料,使用C2R模型、BC2模型以及DEA—Malmquist指数分析法对2004—2009年中部六省高技术产业的R&D的综合技术效率、资源配置效率、技术进步指数等因素进行实证研究。结果认为:航天航空业综合效率无效,是导致整体高技术产业TFP值低下的主要原因;电子计算机及办公设备制造业的TFP值与技术进步指数最高;技术进步对高技术产业的推动作用超过资源配置指数。文章最后还给出了几点改进非有效行业R&D效率的对策建议。     

Research and Technology Outsourcing

The paper discusses the process of externalization and the contracting out of R&D and technical activity. The focus of the analysis is on the outsourcing of R&D and technical activity undertaken by firms and now outsourced to companies and organizations which supply the Contract Research and Technology (CRT) market. The analysis highlights that not only is it important to understand the factors in the demand for such services but also in changing dynamics of the nature of the research and technical services supplied and the way they are supplied. The paper then investigates the implications of these dynamic trends for the conduct of the R&D function, particularly towards research externalization and outsourcing, via the use of firms and organizations involved in contract research and technology.     

Technical efficiency of Spanish manufacturing firms: a panel data approach

This paper estimates the levels of technical efficiency reached by Spanish manufacturing firms, through an econometric estimation of frontier production functions for fifteen sectors of activity, and also, obtains other relevant technological measurements of these productive processes such as the scale and the technical progress parameters. The methodology used is the panel data methods (Schmidt and Sickles, 1984). The statistical source is provided by the Survey on Business Strategies (Encuesta Sobre Estrategias Empresariales), a panel of data covering 855 Spanish manufacturing firms observed over the period 1990-1994. Our econometric results confirm the great heterogeneity in the firms' efficiency, the predominance of constant returns to scale and the great rate of technological progress.     

Toward closer links between science and society in India: A futuristic formula

This work presents a futuristic scenario of science and technology in India in relation to development and social change. Organizational, financial, developmental, etc. trends in science and technology have been identified as consequences of history, culture and national policy alternatives conceived in the past and perceived for the future. The present course of action is considered unlikely to bridge the existing gap between science and society in India. The findings are relevant for S&T policy and planning in the developing countries.     

“一带一路”背景下新时代科技创新理论及实践路径探究

以习近平关于科技创新重要论述为核心内容的新时代科技创新理论与“一带一路”理论之间存在科学的内在联系，具有高度的契合性。一方面，新时代科技创新理论作为当前指导我国科技创新活动的重要行动指南，对深入推进“一带一路”建设中的国际科技创新合作发挥着重要指导作用。另一方面，“一带一路”倡议是国际科技创新合作的主要平台，是构建人类科技命运共同体的桥梁。从这个意义上说，没有国际科技创新合作，便没有世界科技命运共同体目标的实现。从战略高度和长远角度看，在新时代科技创新理论指引下，中国倡导的“一带一路”科技创新合作必将成为全球基础科学联合研究、技术创新合作的重要范本和典型，中国也将为世界科技发展与革新作出更大贡献，为人类科技文明发展与进步作出具有中国特色的贡献。