Appropriation Of Returns From Technological Assets And The Values Of Patents And R&D In Japanese High-Tech Firms †

This paper investigates the extent that technological assets contribute to the value of the firm, using the sample of 90 Japanese firms in pharmaceutical, chemical, and electrical equipment industries. We use the firm's R&D expenditures and the number of patents (in stock) as the measures of its technological assets and show that the relative usefulness of these two measures varies across industries. Particularly, Tobin's q is positively related to the technological assets most strongly in the pharmaceutical industry. It is also most sensitive in this industry to the level of patent stock, coinciding with the view that drug patents are more effective than other patents as a means of appropriating returns from innovation. The communications equipment industry is also characterized by its q's dependence on patent stock. In addition, this industry's q is particularly sensitive to the level of net R&D investment in the most recent year, presumably because of the rapid technological progress in this industry.     

Signalling,Disclosure And The Implications Of Financial Structure For Uk Corporate R&D ∗

This paper investigates the impact of R&D disclosure and finance variables on the level of R&D expenditures. The question addressed is: what is the impact of changes in disclosure requirements on the relationship between R&D expenditure and the financing of firms? The question is motivated by the possible signalling role that elective disclosure may have had prior to changes in accounting practices to ensure R&D disclosure.     

Morphogenesis Of Social Networks And Coexistence Of Technologies ∗

The aim of the article is to relate the formation of influence networks to the coexistence of technologies in the long run. In the spirit of Plouraboue et al. (1998), we postulate that potential adopters of a technology are situated in a social network. In our model, initial relations are partly negative and all the expected utilities are revised in parallel. In the case of an exogenous network, opinions can fluctuate endlessly. When agents reallocate their relationships, this reinforces trust in agents whose opinion is close to theirs. As a result of this process, the network stabilizes in the long run, generating diversity in expected utilities.     

On Licensing Innovations And The Maintenance Of Competition ∗

Given an auction approach to the sale of licenses for a new process innovation, it is argued that a seller outside the using industry may prefer to maintain more firms than less in the using industry, particularly if this can be accomplished without loss of revenue. The basic reason is that more firms implies more competition for future modifications and improvements to the new technology. It is then shown that the seller will license at least n — 1 of the n current firms in the industry, provided the seller can choose a price composed of both a fixed fee and a royalty element. The application of the analysis is illustrated by a discussion of the Pilkington's float glass process.     

东莞市政府R&D资助对企业R&D支出的影响

本文根据2012年至2014年东莞市7家具备创新规模并且连续接受政府R&D资助的上市企业的数据,考察了东莞市政府的R&D投入对7家上市企业的R&D投入的影响.分析结果显示东莞市政府的R&D投入的增加并没有对企业的R&D支出产生显著的杠杆效应,反而有部分对企业的R&D投入产生了挤出效应.     

Evolutionary Product Differentiation And Market Creation In Turbulent Economic Environments ∗

The assumption of given consumer tastes and production, loses ground very rapidly in information-intensive economic systems, where the ability to design products and services combinations for increasingly specific needs and skills is a key variable to competition. This article presents a search-oriented conceptual framework and proposes a schematic representation of endogenous product differentiation. The evolution of users' and producers' discriminating capabilities is shown to govern their interaction leading to product definition. Patterns of sub-market creation or standardization provide a central building block to market creation analysis.     

Technological Profiles And Economic Performance In The Italian Manufacturing Sector ∗

This paper applies multivariate analysis to a rich data set on technological innovation, in order to identify typical patterns of technological change. To single out the dominant forms of technological behaviour, twelve variables have been selected approximating firms' technological sources and innovation results. Multivariate analysis was applied to identify six main clusters or dominant technological profiles. Each cluster was then interpreted on the basis of a larger set of variables concerning firms' technological and economic performance. The results confirm recent emphasis placed by scholars of technical change on variety of bchaviour in technical change and industrial organization and, more specifically, Pavitt's seminal attempt at a classification of this variety. However, our clusters are somewhat more numerous than Pavitt's, thus showing a more complex combination of technological input and output. Moreover, representative industries of each cluster are less easily recognized as a less marked sectoral characterization of clusters emerges. The latter result seems to imply that variety in technological change is also shown by the existence of different technological trajectories and strategies within the same sector. We suggest that the diffuse nature of recent technical change has given firms greater freedom of strategic choice among different technological strategies.     

Do emission subsidies reduce emission? In the context of environmental R&D organization

This paper, which reexamines the Poyago-Theotoky model, provides additional investigation that was conducted under a corrected environmental damage parameter. As new findings, we obtain the following. First, social welfare under a time-consistent emission tax (emission subsidy) policy is always welfare-enhancing rather than the case of laissez-faire. Second, if the environmental damage parameter is sufficiently small, then the equilibrium emission tax rate is invariably negative. It is therefore an emission subsidy. Moreover, total emissions under the emission subsidy scenario become less than those under laissez-faire if the damage parameter is sufficiently small, and if the R&D cost is low. However, total emissions under the emission subsidy become greater than those under laissez-faire if the damage parameter is sufficiently small, and if the R&D cost is high.     

R&D投入对地区创新绩效的影响——企业R&D投入的中介效应

政府已成为国家创新体系的主导力量。现有文献普遍认为,政府补贴对创新绩效具有间接影响,但并未深入探讨其作用机理。从中介效应视角探讨了政府RD投入对创新绩效的影响机理。研究结果表明,企业RD投入在政府RD投入与地区创新绩效的关系中起中介作用;政府RD投入对企业RD投入存在显著正向影响,支持诱导效应理论。     

Should environmental R&D be prioritized?

An innovator may not be able to capture the full social benefit of her innovation and, therefore, governments support private R&D through various measures. We compare a market good innovation—to develop a more efficient technology to produce a standard market good—with an environmental innovation—to develop a more efficient abatement technology—that has the same potential to increase the social surplus. In the first-best outcome, which can be achieved by offering an R&D subsidy and a diffusion subsidy, the R&D subsidy should be greatest for an environmental innovation, whereas the diffusion subsidy should be greatest for a market good innovation. The ranking of the two types of subsidies reflects that the appropriability problem is greater for an environmental innovation than for a market good innovation.     

国外R&D统计体系特征及其启示

发达国家开展RD统计已长达半个世纪之久,积累了丰富的经验。本文从统计架构、统计对象、统计范围、统计方法等方面系统介绍了美国、日本、德国以及英国的RD统计组织体系,总结了国外RD统计组织体系的主要特征,并对完善我国RD统计工作提出政策建议。     

R&D投入、非R&D投入与技术创新绩效作用机制研究——以中国高技术产业为例

以中国大陆29个省市高技术产业面板数据为研究样本,利用结构方程模型(SEM)对中国高技术产业创新绩效及其影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明,RD投入是中国高技术产业创新绩效的主要动力。其中,RD经费投入贡献大于RD人员投入;RD投入对中国高技术产业科研产出的影响强于新产品产出;非RD投入对中国高技术产业创新绩效提升有显著的直接调节作用;创新环境对中国高技术产业创新绩效有显著影响。最后,提出了促进中国高技术产业创新绩效提升的对策建议。     

优化浙江省R&D经费结构的对策研究

R&D经费及其投入强度,是国际上广泛使用的、衡量一个国家或地区自主创新投入规模及水平的重要指标。本文基于对浙江省2010—2019年R&D经费数据的分析发现,虽然浙江省R&D经费规模与强度不断增长,但存在科学研究占R&D经费比重偏低的问题。通过分析产生这一现象的原因,提出进一步优化浙江省R&D经费结构的对策建议。     

江苏省R&D知识存量与GDP的实证研究

在经济快速增长、市场竞争越来越激烈的情况下,创新对经济增长的引擎作用突显,而创新依赖于R&D活动,所以现阶段利用科学合理的R&D活动组合,实现有效的技术创新、知识积累,挖掘知识溢出与扩散效应对要素边际收益增加的作用,进而推动区域经济增长,受到社会各界的广泛关注,本文在针对江苏省R&D知识存量的测度模型、经济效果计量模型进行构建分析的基础上,结合相关数据对江苏省区域 R&D知识存量的经济效果计量展开研究,为"十三五"时期推动江苏省区域经济持续稳定提出具体建议.