产品差异化下的纵向限制及其竞争效应

垄断制造商在品牌差异度足够低时有激励实施纵向限制,但这是以消费者剩余和社会福利为代价的,而且损失都随着商品差异度特别是品牌内差异度的提高而提高.因此,纵向限制反垄断应该关注限制方非价格竞争程度较低、特别是同时被限制方非价格竞争程度较高的情况.     

Robust political economy: The case of antitrust

The notion of robust political economy is applied to antitrust. It is argued that the universalizability of policy rules is crucial if both the knowledge problem and the incentive problem in antitrust are taken seriously. Policy recommendations of Williamson are compared with those of Hayek. It is further argued that the notion of universalizability is central not only with regard to antitrust but also with regard to a host of other policy areas. JEL Code B52, B53, D02, D80, K21, K40, L40. The author thanks his collaborators Lorenz Blume, Kim Eun Young, Janina Satzer and Michael Seebauer as well as Anne van Aaken for helpful comments and suggestions.     

Monoculture versus diversity in competition economics

Economics rightfully represents the major basis for competitionpolicy. Next to generating knowledge about competition and itswelfare effects, the currently popular ‘more-economicapproach’ is charged with a number of additional hopesand expectations. While this article highlights the benefitsof economics-based competition policy, it takes a cautious stancetowards excessive expectations, in particular regarding theidea that a monocultural, ‘unified’ competitiontheory as an exact, objective and unerring scientific approachto antitrust could make normative assessment and generalisationssuperfluous. Diversity in competition economics is advocatedin two ways. First, competition economics is empirically characterisedby a considerable pluralism of theories and policy paradigms.Second, it is demonstrated that this diversity of theories istheoretically beneficial for future scientific progress. Asno ultimate competition theory can ever be expected., the ‘more-economicapproach’ must be extended in order to embrace diversity.     

产品创新中用户参与的动力机制研究

用户参与是企业创新理论中一个非常重要的研究领域,在产品创新过程中,用户作为价值创造者的作用已经受到学者和企业家的重视。用户参与产品创新,可以为企业带来更多的收益和市场机会。分析了用户参与企业产品创新的外部和内部动力。体验经济时代的到来、互联网技术的兴起和市场竞争的不断加剧是企业吸纳用户参与产品创新的外部动力,提高企业产品创新的绩效和获取企业产品创新的市场竞争优势是企业吸纳用户参与的产品创新的外部动力,内外部动力的相互作用,使企业迫切需要引入用户资源。拓展了对于理解用户在产品创新中的作用的视野,为企业有效利用用户资源提供了参考。     

产品市场竞争、知识外溢与企业技术效率提升

利用248家国防科技相关企业与具有军工资质的民营企业2009-2017年面板数据,分2009-2012年、2013-2017年两阶段研究产品市场竞争、知识外溢与企业技术效率间的关系。结果发现,产品市场竞争对于企业技术效率提升具有显著促进作用;相较于国防科技相关企业,这种正向效应在具有军工资质的民企中表现得更为显著,并且随着国防与民营经济的融合发展,这两种正向效应更为显著。进一步引入知识外溢与产品市场竞争交互项发现,无论是技术人员知识外溢还是技术人员产出外溢,随着外溢程度增加,均会抑制产品市场竞争对企业技术效率的正向影响;在国有国防科技相关企业中,技术人员产出外溢效应的抑制作用更强。     

熊彼特的竞争理论及其启示

熊彼特的竞争理论表明,短期限制竞争可以激励和保护创新,而完全竞争并不适合创新。熊彼特理论没有颠覆传统的反垄断范式,但调整了它的重心和内部结构,使得反垄断关注的重点从静态转向动态、从相关市场转向创新活动、从市场份额和集中度转向进入壁垒。     

基于SECI模型的知识创造与金融产品创新机制研究

金融产品创新是商业银行保持竞争优势、顺利实现转型、参与国际竞争的必要条件。本文在对知识创造过程、金融产品创新影响因素以及知识管理技术等相关研究进行系统梳理,选择Nonaka的SECI知识创造模型作为重要理论基础,探索知识创造过程和知识管理系统对商业银行金融产品创新能力的影响机制,分析了知识创造过程中的社会化、外化综合化和内化四个维度在商业银行中的具体活动和特征,通过影响银行的流程和业务行为,从而对金融产品创新能力提升产生积极的推动作用。同时,系统分析商业银行中知识管理系统对知识创造过程上述四个维度有直接的支撑作用,同时会利用知识创造过程会间接的影响金融创新能力提升。另外,知识管理系统也会对商业银行的金融创新能力有直接的支撑作用,从知识管理视角分析完善商业银行产品创新理论,为商业银行创新能力提升提供理论指导和实践参考。     

Termination clauses in partnerships

We show that when designing a partnership agreement partner firms may prefer not to specify how to allocate the commonly owned assets should there be an early termination of the contract. By not including such a clause, firms induce litigation before a Court with positive probability. Firms create this ex-post inefficiency in order to increase the levels of non-contractible investments, i.e. increase the ex-ante efficiency. The absence of an asset allocation clause works as a “discipline device” that mitigates the hold-up problem within the partnership. In our set-up, no other contract but that without an asset allocation clause can credibly create an ex-post inefficiency.     

Agglomeration externalities: Marshall versus Jacobs

The literature remains inconclusive as to whether Marshallian specialization or Jacobian diversification externalities favor regional innovativeness. The specialization thesis asserts that regions with production structures specialized towards a particular industry tend to be more innovative in that particular industry, as it allows for knowledge to spill over between similar firms. The diversification thesis argues that knowledge spills over between different industries, causing diversified production structures to be more innovative. A closely related debate evolves around local competitiveness hypotheses. Using an original database of innovation counts, both these issues are addressed for the Dutch context. The results show that the Marshallian specialization thesis holds, though more pronounced for R&D intensive and small firms. Fierce local competition within an industry negatively affects innovativeness in that particular industry.JEL Classification: O18, O31, R10Gerben van der Panne: The author wishes to thank Fia Wunderink, Wilfred Dolfsma and Alfred Kleinknecht for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper.     

技术创新与我国反垄断立法

从技术经济和产业组织的角度观察,企业技术创新除了高知识性、高不确定性和高沉没成本外,溢出性是其重要特征之一.本文提出在我国的反垄断立法中应采纳动态竞争而非静态竞争的思想;对与技术创新相关的企业合并采取创新市场分析而非产品市场分析,从创新要素投入而非创新产出的角度评价;正确处理保护知识产权和反垄断的均衡关系,为我国企业技术创新营造一个良好的市场经济环境.     

Optimal ownership in joint ventures with contributions of asymmetric partners

This paper addresses two questions concerning Joint Venture (JV) agreements. We first study the formation and the performance of a JV when the partners’ contribution has a different impact on the JV profits. Then, we check whether the JV is more likely as well as the welfare level improves when the decision on JV profit sharing among partners is delegated to an independent JV management (Management sharing) rather than jointly taken by partners (Coordinated sharing). We find that the firm whose effort has a higher impact on the JV’s profits should have a larger profit share. Moreover, at least in some cases, Management sharing increases both welfare and the probability that the JV is formed.      

Cultural differences,insecure property rights and the mode of entry decision

We develop a theory of a multinational corporation’s optimal mode of entry in a new market. The foreign firm can choose between a licensing agreement, a wholly owned subsidiary or shared control (joint venture). In an environment in which property rights are insecure, opportunism is possible, and the identification of new business opportunities is costly, we show that the relationship between the quality of the institutional environment and the mode of entry decision is non-monotonic. Licensing is preferred if property rights are strictly enforced, while a joint venture is chosen when property rights are poorly enforced. For intermediate situations, the better use of local knowledge made possible by shared control under a joint venture works as a double edged sword. On the one hand, it makes the monitoring activity of the multinational more credible, on the other it offers insurance to both parties, potentially compromising the incentives faced by the local partner. We are grateful to the Centro Studi Luca d’Agliano for providing financial support. For useful comments we would like to thank Klaus Desmet, Cecilia Testa, Henry Wan and Gerald Willmann and seminar participants at Cornell, Ente Luigi Einaudi, Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Kiel, Milano, Universidad de Sao Paolo, the Midwest International Economics Meetings in Indianapolis, SAET VI conference in Rhodes, and the City University of Hong Kong Conference on Intellectual Property Rights.     

协同效应、合资公司的稳定性及其福利影响

合资公司是介于市场交易和兼并之间的一种企业组织形式,它的存在会产生多种影响。一方面,合资公司中的协同效应有利于效率的提高,增进社会福利;另一方面,成立合资公司也会导致相关企业市场势力的上升,损害福利。通过一个零售合资企业模型,本文发现实际上这两个方面之间是彼此相关的。具体地,若没有协同效应,则不存在一个可行的利润分配原则和生产配额使得相关企业有意愿加入合资公司,进而无法达到增强市场势力的目的。基于这种关联性,本文给出了针对零售合资公司的反垄断政策建议:在高营利性行业中,当市场集中度较高时,应适用合理性原则;相反,当市场营利性较差或集中度较低时,需采用本身合法原则。     

浅析经济政策工具在实施循环经济中的作用

外部性问题的存在,导致市场机制不能完全达到社会资源的优化配置。运用各种经济政策工具是促进循环经济的建设,实现可持续发展的重要方式。为此,本文提出,我们应当充分发挥市场机制的作用,选择并利用好各种政策工具。     

Rational drug design, the knowledge value chain and bioscience megacentres

This paper seeks to trace important shifts and cluster evolutionin the healthcare industry. Its key aim is to examine the implicationsof the rise of science-based clusters for economic geographyand related policies. A special focus is biosciences and therise of ‘biologics’ more generally at the expenseof fine chemistry in drug development. The old agglomerationsof pharmacy are no longer leaders in knowledge exploration,as universities, research laboratories and medical schools takeover research, they are beginning to lose prominence to dedicatedbiotechnology firms (DBFs) in knowledge examination, and retaintheir most important involvement as financiers and marketersof DBF exploitation knowledge. This has profound geographicalas well as industry organisation equilibrium effects. Over-concentrationof the bioscientific knowledge value chain has given rise tothe new spatial policy practice of developing regional sciencestrategies. Aspects of these are commented upon.     

Organisational change in new ventures in Chinese context: the open innovation

This paper uses case study method to examine the acquisition process of information and funding through the implementation of open innovation (OI) in new ventures in Chinese context. We find that in the process of accessing to the marketing or technical information through OI, the most important thing for enterprises is to establish trust and cooperation with familiar partners, and trust is derived from existing social relations. In the process of funding acquisition through OI, the most important thing for enterprises is to strike a balance between gains and losses.