合资公司控制和学习的关系研究

现有文献在重视合资公司中控制对学习绩效产生影响的同时,却忽视了学习对控制的反作用机制。本文贡献了该领域的文献。本文认为,(1)只有在学习类型和控制方式匹配的条件下,才有助于学习绩效的提高;(2)对合资伙伴的学习将降低伙伴企业强调正式控制的可能性;(3)如果一方的学习使另一方察觉到议价力转移,越有可能强调正式控制;(4)一方的学习导致越来越依赖另一方完成合资公司任务,学习方越有可能要求社会控制。本文最后在结论基础上提出了若干建议。     

Influence of export on innovation activities of domestic enterprises

Using the panel data from 2001 to 2003 across manufacturing industries in China, this paper analyzes the intra-industry and inter-industry spillovers from export on the productivity and innovation activities of domestic enterprises in China. Among the industries we investigate and in the sample session, there are evidences of positive backward linkage spillovers to the process innovation of domestic enterprises, and negative backward linkage spillovers to the product innovation activities. Based on the findings, we make some policy suggestions.      

Beat 'em or Join 'em? Export Subsidies versus International Research Joint Ventures in Oligopolistic Markets

We compare adversarial with cooperative industrial and trade policies in a dynamic oligopoly game in which a home and foreign firm compete in R&D and output and, because of spillovers, each firm benefits from the other's R&D. When the government can commit to an export subsidy, such a policy raises welfare relative to cooperation, except when R&D is highly effective and spillovers are near-complete. Without commitment, however, subsidisation may yield welfare levels much lower than cooperation and lower even than free trade, though qualifications to the dangers from no commitment are noted.
JEL classification: F 12; F 13     

Organisational change in new ventures in Chinese context: the open innovation

This paper uses case study method to examine the acquisition process of information and funding through the implementation of open innovation (OI) in new ventures in Chinese context. We find that in the process of accessing to the marketing or technical information through OI, the most important thing for enterprises is to establish trust and cooperation with familiar partners, and trust is derived from existing social relations. In the process of funding acquisition through OI, the most important thing for enterprises is to strike a balance between gains and losses.     

跨国合资企业管理者的组织承诺

跨国合资企业管理者常常在多角关系中夹缝求生,这可能引发多组织承诺困境和忠诚冲突。本文通过实证研究发现,超过三分之一的受访者感受到多组织承诺困境和忠诚冲突。本文还分析了多组织承诺困境和忠诚冲突的负面影响,并提出了相应的解决之道。     

Bargained shares in joint ventures among asymmetric partners: Is the matthew effect catalyzing?

The impact of asymmetries between partners on the likelihood of establishing successful research and development and production joint ventures relative to the alternative of own development is assessed analytically. The often empirically observed 50/50 sharing rule in asymmetric alliances is compared to a bargained rule, where asymmetries in absorptive capacity, as well as R&D and production efficiency are explicitly taken into account. Industry settings in which successful asymmetric alliances are more likely to occur are pinpointed. The analysis focuses on the influence of the size and format of these asymmetries, the technological appropriability and complementarity between partners on the incentives for both partners to cooperate as well as to cheat on the venture agreement. The results are compared to a setting where the joint venture is only involved in R&D.     

JOINT VENTURES, POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

We examine the impact of emission taxes on the pollution level in a duopoly framework with endogenous market structure. We demonstrate that an increase in emission taxes could trigger a regime switch from joint ventures to Cournot competition, causing the pollution level to increase. Such a phenomenon is likely to happen when the concerned industry is reasonably profitable, and the synergistic gain between joint venture partners is not too strong. Moreover, emission taxes can implement the first best outcome if and only if the industry is not too polluting. In case it is, the second best level of taxes may or may not equal the optimal tax under either joint venture or Cournot competition.     

Product market competition, R&D, and welfare

We compare the subgame perfect equilibrium emerging in four regimes of research and development (R&D) competition between duopolists: (i) full competition, (ii) coordination of research strategies, (iii) joint venture with cross licensing of patents, and (iv) full collusion in R&D and the product market. The outcome of the firms' interaction depends on the interplay of the degree of product market competition, the similarity of the research strategies, and the cost of R&D, relatively to market size. Our main result is that each of the four regimes can, for plausible parameter combinations, yield the highest level of welfare. Therefore it is problematic to draw general rules applicable to all proposed research joint ventures.     

Interdependence and spillovers: is firm performance affected by others’ innovation activities?

The creation of new knowledge is a case in which agents' behaviour can affect the performance of other actors positively, given that new knowledge creates positive externalities in the market. In this context, we investigate the existence of performance spillovers associated with innovation activities by quantifying the innovation produced in surrounding firms and controlling for the fact that a firm is itself an innovation producer. We use data from the Third Community Innovation Survey (CIS III) that measures innovation in a broad way, not reducing it to R&D and patents, which departs from previous literature on spillovers. Furthermore, to tackle the endogeneity of the innovation variables on the firm production decision, we resort to the firm intellectual property protection methods as an instrument. We found a positive spillover of innovation on firm value added. The results also show that process innovation spillovers are more prevalent than product innovation spillovers.     

Exploring the relationship between university and innovation: evidence from the Italian food industry

This study provides empirical evidence on the role of universities’ technological transfer (TT) activities in the Italian manufacturing sector, with particular attention to the food industry. Using the UniCredit-Capitalia database (2008 UniCredit-Capitalia. 2008. Decima Indagine Sulle Imprese Manifatturiere Italiane. Rapporto Corporate. [Google Scholar]) for firms and data from the Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) to obtain the university TT indicator, we estimate a probit model to assess the effect of universities’ TT activities on a firm’s likelihood to innovate. The role of proximity in knowledge spillovers from TT activities is also investigated. Results show that university TT activities seem to stimulate food industry firms innovation and the impact appears significantly higher than for the manufacturing sector. Moreover, the effect of TT activities on innovation appears to be geographically bounded. As regards policy implications, this study provides two insights which may help promote innovation in the food sector. First, the factors that influence innovative capability in the food sector are different from those in other sectors, suggesting the need for sector specific instruments for promoting innovation. Second, science is important in the food industry and this raises questions about the policy of mainly considering high-tech industries when promoting a closer relationship between firms and universities.     

知识溢出支撑集群企业创新跨越研究

培育集群企业技术创新能力是产业集群竞争优势的主要表现形式,而企业是集群中最活跃的行为主体,单个企业的技术创新能力在很大程度上反映了一个集群的技术创新能力.知识溢出、集群企业吸收能力是产业集群创新的关键要素.首先对集群企业技术创新能力、知识溢出、集群企业吸收能力的相关文献进行了综述,在此基础上归纳本文的研究要素,明确要素之间的逻辑关系;针对当前集群企业的现实,从吸收能力视角提出了知识溢出支撑集群企业技术创新能力跨越的理论分析框架,并从隐性知识、显性知识、吸收能力与集群企业技术创新能力跨越进行了分析,知识溢出对集群企业提升技术创新能力具有促进作用,而这种促进作用的大小受到集群企业本身吸收能力影响,即吸收能力增强了知识溢出对集群企业技术创新能力的促进作用.     

租金外溢还是知识外溢?——一个文献综述

构建权重矩阵来衡量研发外溢是最常用的衡量间接研发资本的方式,常用的是基于贸易额、专利信息和投入产出信息等来构建权重矩阵,但其中存在较多争议的是基于专利信息所构建的权重矩阵。通过对有关文献进行梳理,以及其所对应的衡量方式进行综述,发现以往对研发外溢的衡量主要侧重于宏观层面,如国家或行业层面,但对企业研发外溢的衡量较少,因此,对企业研发外溢的衡量是后续研究的主要侧重面。     

中国汽车合资自主品牌发展模式的因素分析

由于2008年世界金融危机,发达国家汽车市场集体低迷,然而中国汽车市场仍然保持了良好的增长势头和发展潜力,并在2009年成为世界第一产销国。随着世界汽车工业巨头在华布局的不断完善,形成了以合资品牌为主、民族自主品牌与进口品牌为辅的市场竞争格局。2008年4月广汽本田提出了合资自主品牌的创新发展模式。本文基于以上背景,通过研究影响中国合资自主品牌发展模式的经济、政治、市场环境和企业内部四大因素,并重点论述经济因素中重要变量与中国合资自主品牌导入时机的直接关系,从而提出了中国汽车合资自主品牌导入时机的研究系统。     

国际合资公司绩效研究的现状与展望

作为战略联盟的重要形式,国际合资公司的绩效一直是学术界研究的热点问题,其研究结果对IJV发展也具有现实的指导意义。然而因为研究角度等因素的差异,现有相关研究的结论存在明显不同。本文系统地回顾了国内外学者对国际合资公司绩效的相关研究,梳理了国际合资公司绩效研究的不同视角和分类,从国际合资公司母公司、国际合资公司、以及外部环境三个维度详细界定并归纳了国际合资公司绩效的各种影响因素,对比了不同学者的主要观点和各研究结论之间的差异,分析了产生这些差异的主要原因。并在此基础上阐述了国际合资公司绩效研究的发展脉络和演变路径,指出了现有研究存在的不足,探讨了该领域未来可能的研究发展方向。     

企业合作创新本质的理论分析

合作创新是企业进行技术创新的重要组织形式,交易成本理论、战略管理理论、产业组织理论、知识管理理论和社会资本理论均从不同的角度揭示了合作创新的本质。交易费用理论认为合作创新关系是一种介于市场交易和层级组织之间的经济形式;战略管理理论则认为合作创新是一种通过利用企业互补关系来有效地联合各参与企业的资源,使企业价值最大化的机制;产业组织理论认为合作创新不仅节约了企业的研发投入,还在一定程度上克服了技术的溢出效应,将创新的外部性内部化;知识管理理论提出合作创新是知识积累的一种方式,是企业提升核心竞争力的重要方式;社会资本理论认为合作创新就是企业通过创新网络,吸收知识、信息和资源,积累外部社会资本,提升能力的过程。