企业研发外包中的交易效率与决策模型研究

继制造业全球重组和转移之后,以信息技术外包和业务流程外包等服务外包为代表的服务业转移蓬勃发展,已成为不可逆转的新一轮全球产业革命和产业转移趋势,而研发外包是目前外包领域中新兴的形式。以往的研究认为,研发活动是企业的核心流程,外包的市场交易费用高,传统交易费用理论难以解释研发外包的发展。以交易成本理论为基础,借助新兴古典经济学的分析方法,从理论上分析研发外包活动存在的合理性,指出网络信息技术有效提高研发活动交易效率是决定企业外包决策的重要因素。     

Localised Technological Change: The Interaction Between The Generation And The Diffusion Of New Technologies

The main contribution of this paper is to explore the role played by heterogeneity in supply and demand in selecting technological paths amongst many different alternatives, and in localising technological change in niches of potential adopters. Technological change is therefore inherently localised. For given levels of technological superiority, the innovations that are selected during the diffusion process are shown to be sensitive to the specificities of the production process at those points.     

技术多元化、行业集中度与企业绩效波动

技术多元化是企业提高核心竞争力的重要手段,在不同行业背景下,技术多元化战略对于企业绩效的稳定作用存在一定的差异.运用2009—2018年710家创业板公司IPC发明专利信息数据,采用固定面板模型,基于行业特征与行业集中度视角研究了技术多元化对于企业绩效波动的影响.研究发现:技术多元化对于企业绩效波动有明显平滑效果;在高科技行业中,技术多元化对企业绩效波动的平滑效应相对较强;行业集中度低的情况下,技术多元化对企业绩效波动的平滑效应相对较强,而在高行业集中度的情况下,平滑效应近乎无效.为企业的技术知识基础建设提供重要依据,同时为不同行业背景下的多元化产业技术生态建设提供科学的理论指导.     

Product innovation: testing the relative influence of industry,institutional context and firm factors

This article analyses the influence of industry characteristics (concentration and technological opportunity), the institutional framework (social capital and spillovers from the public sector) and some firm factors (external and internal R&D) on product innovation in a unique integrated framework. Based on a sample of Spanish industrial firms, these variables were found to be positively related to firms’ product innovation. Also, results show that in institutional environments with significant levels of social capital and spillovers, firms change their innovation strategy focusing on external R&D.     

The Skill Premium, Technological Change and Appropriability

This paper demonstrates that an increase in the relative supply of educated workers generates a structural change in the production structure towards a knowledge-intensive production process. This structural shift may ultimately lead to an increase in the return to educated labor despite the increase in their supply. The paper argues that the steady increase in the supply of educated workers that most Western economies have experienced in recent decades may be viewed as the driving force behind the observed pattern of wage inequality. In particular, the paper demonstrates that if firms can appropriate a sufficient share of the intertemporal return from knowledge generating activities of their labor force, a gradual increase in the supply of skilled workers would generate only a temporary reduction in the skill premium followed by a permanent increase in the return to skill.     

India’s Green Revolution: Economic Gains and Political Costs

Research and development (R&;D) promotion policies are critical for economic development in the sense that they contribute to technical progress. Although it is true that policy space is restricted under the World Trade Organization (WTO) system, there are still some R&;D promotion policy measures made available to developing countries. It is thus necessary for developing countries to utilize such available measures. In addition to explaining the R&;D promotion measures available under the current WTO regulations, I provide suggestions for modifying the Uruguay Round Subsidies Code with respect to the R&;D promotion policies of developing countries from the viewpoint of “distributional fairness” in international trade relations.     

Technological Opportunity and Growth

The article presents a model of technological opportunity, modeled as a resource that is exhaustible in the short run but renewable in the long run. The exploitation and regeneration of technological opportunity is the result of an interplay between intentional incremental and radical innovations and unintentionally made discoveries. The setting for the basic model is a multidimensional metric space where existing ideas are convexly combined in order to create new ideas. When the basic set theoretical features are included in a long-run R&D model, we derive the implications for paradigm duration as well as for the growth rate of technological knowledge. We show that whereas a larger pool of R&D workers have an ambiguous effect on the short run technological growth rate, it will lead to more frequent paradigm shifts in the long run.JEL classification: O31, O41* I am particularly indebted to Joel Mokyr for an extensive discussion on an earlier draft. I have also received valuable comments from Marcus Asplund, Wlodek Bursztyn, Douglas Hibbs, Lennart Hjalmarsson, Charlie Karlsson, Susanna Lundström, Joakim Persson, Paul Segerstrom, Fabrizio Zilibotti, Lars-Erik Öller, two referees, the editor of this journal, and from seminar participants at the EEAMeeting in Lausanne, Göteborg University, IIES at Stockholm University, Stockholm School of Economics, and FIEF. Generous financial support has been granted by the Wallander-Hedelius Foundation.     

广义轨道理论探讨

本文认为,不仅存在技术轨道,而且存在其他轨道,如市场轨道、技术组织轨道、商业模式轨道、业务组合轨道等。由此提出广义轨道理论,以期扩展技术轨道理论,为后发企业的追赶提供更宽广的机会空间,为处于追赶阶段的我国产业和企业的创新战略实施提供新的启示。     

Innovating SMEs and Regions: The Need for Policy Intelligence and Interactive Policies

Based on the empirical findings achieved through comparative research involving 40 innovation policy instruments from 11 European regions, this paper proposes a shift in rationale and in the broad orientations of innovation policy to focus on addressing SMEs in their regional context. The main role for innovation policy, which aims to increase the capacity of a region and the capabilities of its SMEs to innovate, is to foster interactive learning within the firms and within the region. This calls for an interactive mode of policy intervention. The paper deals also with the question of how to build a coherent portfolio of policy instruments, taking into account both regional situations and specific SMEs needs in terms of innovation. The key message is that there is no 'one-size-fits-all' policy portfolio. Regional differences in innovation capabilities call for a tailored mix of policy instruments. One salient element of the conclusion is the need for more 'policy intelligence' in this complex field.     

基于逆向研发外包的装备制造企业突破性技术创新影响因素研究

当前我国装备制造业还存在自主创新能力不强、关键核心技术对外依赖严重等问题,迫切需要装备制造企业在前沿技术上不断取得突破性创新成果。逆向研发外包为装备制造企业实现突破性技术创新提供了有效途径。然而,实践中并不是所有企业都能通过逆向研发外包实现所预期的突破性技术创新。因此,有必要厘清通过逆向研发外包实现突破性技术创新的内在机理。本文采用多案例扎根理论的方法归纳了研发合作、设立海外研发中心和海外并购三种逆向研发外包方式下,装备制造业实现突破性技术创新的影响因素,构建了装备制造业突破性技术创新作用机理模型;在此基础上,通过对27家典型案例企业数据的模糊集定性比较分析,得到了不同逆向研发外包方式下,企业实现突破性技术创新的多重因果路径。研究发现,通过研发合作方式进行逆向研发外包无法在短期内帮助企业实现突破性技术创新,而通过设立海外研发中心和海外并购方式开展逆向研发外包的企业则有4条路径可以实现突破性技术创新。其中,设立海外研发中心开展逆向研发外包,利用式学习是突破性技术创新发生的核心条件;而通过海外并购开展逆向研发外包,探索式学习则是突破性技术创新产生的核心条件。通过进一步分析,发现存在3个前因...     

An empirical study of outbound tourism demand in the UK

A general to specific methodology is used to construct UK demand for outbound tourism models to twelve destinations. A tourism destination preference index is introduced to take into account social, cultural and psychological influences on tourists' decisions concerning their overseas holiday destinations. The tests support the existence of a cointegration relationship for each of 11 UK overseas holiday destinations. The corresponding error correction models are estimated. The empirical results show that the long-run income elasticities for all destinations range from 1.70 to 3.90 with an average of 2.367. The lowest and highest short-run income elasticities are 1.05 and 3.78 respectively, with an average of 2.216. The estimates of the income elasticities imply that overseas holidays are highly income elastic while the own-price elasticities suggest that the demand for UK outbound tourism is relatively own-price inelastic. In terms of the significance of substitution prices in the regression equations, Ireland is the favourite substitute destination for UK outbound tourists. Ex post forecasts over a period of six years are generated from the ECM models and the results compared with those of a naive model, an AR(1) model, an ARMA(p,q) model, and a VAR model. The forecasting performance criteria show that the ECM model has the best overall forecasting performance for UK outbound tourism.     

中国建筑业发展的前景预测和对策分析

21世纪作为支柱产业的房地产业大发展和各省市为确保经济振兴在基础建设方面的大投入,使中国的建筑业迎来了一个节能高效与和谐发展的新纪元。建设资源节约型住宅是建筑业面临的机遇和挑战,因此,应将节能减排作为建筑业发展的重要考量指标。     

企业多元化业务的选择和评估模型及其应用实例

本文分析了影响企业多元化的因素,建立了企业多元化业务选择和评估模型,探讨了模型在现实操作中的应用,给出了利用该模型进行业务选择和评估的实例。