国际定制电商企业互动创新技术应用现状及启示

从互动创新应用形式和方法、产品定制程度、互动创新知识的开发和利用三个方面,对国际定制电商400强企业进行了调查,归纳和分析了国际定制电商在互动创新技术应用方面的现状及存在问题——包括互动创新应用形式和方法少、互动创新知识开发利用不足等。总结了从中得到的启示:增加互动创新应用形式和方法、加强互动体验建设;定制生产范式将走向互动创新驱动的大规模个性化定制;应有效开发和利用互动创新知识来提升企业竞争力。     

The role of tacit knowledge in connecting knowledge exchange and combination with innovation

Using the Resource-Based View, this paper aims to provide a better understanding of the effect of knowledge on innovation. With this general aim in mind, we relate knowledge’s nature (tacit vs. explicit) and process (e.g. knowledge exchange and combination) to innovation. Using a sample of 105 innovative firms, we find a positive linear effect of tacit knowledge on innovation and a curvilinear relationship between knowledge exchange and combination and innovation. We also find a moderating effect of tacit knowledge on the curvilinear relationship between knowledge exchange and combination and innovation. We speculate on our findings and connect them to previous theory.     

外部知识网络嵌入性对企业设计创新绩效的影响机制——以意义创新过程为中介变量

综合运用资源观、嵌入性理论、技术创新等理论,提出外部知识网络嵌入性以解释、想象这一组意义创新过程为中介影响设计创新绩效的概念模型,并提出相关假设。利用来自设计密集型企业的问卷调研数据,使用结构方程模型对研究假设进行了实证检验。研究表明:企业外部知识网络嵌入性通过意义创新过程这一中介显著影响设计创新绩效,且解释和想象过程的中介作用存在差异。     

基于空间维度的组织学习理论——组织从外部学习的模型

基于组织学习时空理论的空间维度,提出了组织从外部学习的模型。研究内容包括两个方面:一方面,基于外部组织类型的视角,以企业为例,探讨了组织向外部不同类型组织的学习——具体包括组织向政府、供应商、顾客、竞争者和合作者的学习,组织在向外部不同类型组织的学习中获取知识的维度和方式,知识的整合以及从外部学习与从内部学习的结合;另一方面,基于组织嵌入网络的视角,进一步探讨了组织与外部其他组织建立的网络,网络连带的强度、网络密度和组织在网络中所处的位置对组织从外部学习的影响,网络结构的决定因素,以及组织在网络中的权力和地位。最后总结了理论和实践贡献,并指出了存在的不足和未来的研究方向。     

Trend productivity growth and the government spending multiplier

The paper analyzes the effects of government spending shocks under alternative rates of trend growth in a New-Keynesian model characterized by price and wage rigidity. We show that the presence of trend growth makes the impact on output and consumption of government spending shocks smaller but more persistent with a hump shaped impulse response. Our results imply that the impact government spending multiplier decreases while the cumulative multiplier increases with trend growth.     

A model of the learning process with local knowledge externalities illustrated with an integrated graphical framework

We present a unified graphical framework accounting for the nature and impact of spillover effects. The dynamics of the learning process with a specific spillover transfer mechanism can be illustrated by referring to this four-quadrant picture. In particular, a whole cycle of technological learning is explained with the help of such a graphical representation of the basic learning process in the presence of knowledge spillovers.

We hypothesize two different functional specifications of spillover exchanges among firms within a local innovation system. Each conceivable shape for the knowledge transfer relationship among firms expresses a possible mode and intensity of information processing arising from technology spillovers. A general proposition regarding the relative efficiency of the two alternative formal models with spillover effects is derived. The basic models with spillover effects are then extended in several relevant directions.     

知识链成员之间的交互学习研究

从组织之间学习的角度,分析了知识链成员之间交互学习的过程和影响知识链成员间交互学习的因素,提出了增强知识链成员间交互学习的措施。     

网络中心性和知识创新能力对创新绩效的影响

在大量的相关文献综述的基础上把知识创新能力作为调节变量,构建了网络中心性、知识创新能力与知识密集型服务（ KIBS）企业创新绩效的关系模型,并得到了一些结论：网络中心性的程度中心性和中介中心性均与知识密集型服务企业创新绩效有显著正相关关系;知识创新能力与知识密集型服务企业创新绩效存在显著的正相关关系;知识创新能力在网络中心性对知识密集型服务企业创新绩效的影响中起重要的调节作用。     

创新可控度的理论基础与概念内涵

基于开放式创新理论、组织学习基础理论、创新获利理论和企业创新网络理论,结合国内外学者的已有研究,通过理论分析提出了可控度概念。根据企业在外部创新网络过程中的知识管理、创新利益分配以及关系管理的特征,进一步将可控度划分为知识可控、利益可控和关系可控3个维度。可控度概念的提出及其维度划分,有利于企业构建与外部创新网络相匹配的内部创新管理体系和创新风险规避机制,进一步帮助企业走出开放式创新实践的困境。     

Measuring peer effects in the Brazilian school system

Using the identification strategy proposed by Graham and Hahn (2005), we estimate the magnitude of classmate effects on math scores using Brazilian data from 2005. In addition, we provide a detailed discussion about the identification of endogenous peer effects in the linear in means models. Our results show that both peer characteristics (exogenous peer effects) – like race, socioeconomic status and gender – and peer actions (endogenous peer effects) are important determinants of students’ outcomes in the fifth grade of elementary school. Our estimates of endogenous peer effects are about 0.008 of 1 SD of math test scores, which can be interpreted as evidence of a so-called ‘conformist’ individual behaviour, under which students face large costs to exert effort levels that are distant from what is believed to be the norm in the classroom. Those estimates of endogenous peer effects imply a social multiplier of about 1.67.     

The Quantitative Law of Network Information Growth

Based on the assumptions of ＂information transfer＂ and ＂information creation＂, this paper educes the multiplied growth mechanism of network information： that the gross quantity of network information （Im） is about n times as much as the quantity of real network information （Ir）. According to this theoretical model, we give a uniform explanation to all kinds of information growth models in existence, and put forward some proposals, such as ＂forbidding information transfer＂ and ＂building up the central information base＂, to control the repeated information flooding on the network and facilitate the full use of network information.     

An additional explanation for the variable Keynesian multiplier: The role of the propensity to import

This article analyzes the concept of the Keynesian multiplier from a new perspective. Several recent studies have shown that the fiscal multiplier is endogenous to the level of economic activity, increasing during recessions and decreasing during the boom. Here, we provide some evidence, explaining this variability over the business cycle, based on the overreaction of aggregate imports. Then, we apply the concept of endogenous propensity to import, varying with capacity utilization, to a neo-Kaleckian model of growth and distribution. We perform some simple simulations showing that the Keynesian multiplier increases during a recession, which logically does not advocate a reduction in public spending when the economy is in crisis.     

Technological diversity,knowledge flow and capacity,and industrial innovation

ABSTRACT

This article examines the effect of technological diversity, knowledge flow and capacity on industrial innovation performance. We suggest that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between technological diversity and industrial innovation performance. Moreover, knowledge flow and knowledge capacity are hypothesised as negatively moderating the effect of technological diversity on industrial innovation performance. We use negative binomial regression to test the hypotheses in a panel data of 360 industry-year cases and the findings support our prediction. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.     

Mediating effect of creativity between breadth of knowledge and innovation

Several previous studies have investigated the effects of creativity and knowledge on innovation, both of them being considered prerequisites of innovation. However, the relationship among the different variables can be confusing due to redundant causality. In this paper, we study the influence of the mediating effect of creativity between breadth of knowledge (diverse sources of knowledge) and innovation by developing a conceptual model, and then test it on the Spanish ceramic cluster of Castellón. Empirical findings show that creativity is the mechanism through which the different sources of knowledge influence innovation. The implications of these results in relation to creativity, knowledge and innovation theory and practices are discussed.     

技术创新和制度创新的组合对企业持续成长的影响——基于墒理论和耗散结构理论的视角

企业持续成长是企业实现其他目标的前提。技术创新学派或制度创新学派分别强调技术创新或制度创新对企业成长的作用，忽视了二者的协同对企业成长的作用．本文借用熵理论和耗散结构理论，在提出企业技术熵、制度熵、技术负熵、制度负熵、协同负熵等概念的基础上，分别研究了企业的技术创新与制度创新的不同组合对企业持续性和成长性的影响，并对此进行了比较。最后应用所构建的模型分别对于生命周期处于闭区间和开区间的企业成长性和持续性进行了研究，并推导出了企业进行技术创新和制度创新的最佳时间，临界点。     

外部知识获取影响企业创新绩效的作用机理

从外部知识需要通过企业内部实践才能加以利用这一思路出发,基于中国489家大中型企业的调查数据,运用SPSS21.0软件实证探讨了内部沟通和创新激励对外部知识向创新绩效转化的影响机理。层级回归结果显示:外部知识获取对企业创新绩效的提升具有显著作用,内部沟通和创新激励在上述关系中起部分中介作用。     

The relationship between innovation network and innovation capability: a social network perspective

The key for acquiring innovation capability is knowledge transmission which is primarily based on the closer and tighter connections among businesses and other actors within innovation networks. Previous literature of patent analysis based on social network only explains the most influential corporations within an industry through social network indicators, but did not investigate the impact of these indicators on a firm’s innovation capability. This study uses social network perspective ‘centrality, cohesion and density’ to investigate the relationship between innovation network and innovation capability in the global semiconductor industry. Two purposes of this study are: (1) to investigate the innovation network relationship within the semiconductor industry at different periods and its evolution and (2) to study whether network position occupied by a firm in innovation network influences innovation capability. The empirical results show that firms with higher centrality and higher density have stronger innovation capability, but the weaker innovation capability with closer connection of sub-cluster (cohesion).     

知识来源和创新联系的地理分布对创新绩效的影响研究

文章基于空间分布的视角,以北京地区汽车零部件、软件和生物产业的456家企业为例,研究了外部知识来源和创新联系的地理分布对不同水平创新绩效的影响以及内部研发投资的调节作用。结果表明,企业国际化的知识来源与突破性创新之间存在倒U形关系。企业进行研发采购时倾向于选择地理范围较远的伙伴,而且国际研发采购确实能增加企业产生突破性创新的可能性;企业开展研发合作时倾向于选择地理范围较近的伙伴,但无论与何种地理分布的伙伴合作均未能增加企业产生突破性创新的可能性。企业的内部研发投资会抑制国际研发采购、国际研发合作和区域内研发合作对突破性创新的影响。     

Collective knowledge production costs and the dynamics of technological systems

Technological knowledge can be understood as a collective good only when its production requires the absorption and integration of external knowledge. Such external knowledge is the outcome of R&D investments that cannot be fully appropriated by firms and generate spillovers. The exploitation of such knowledge spillovers requires specific investments in knowledge communication and absorption, which brings about specific costs. These costs are affected by the structural and dynamic characteristics of technological systems in terms of the knowledge base, the variety of actors and the communication infrastructures and processes. This paper analyzes the costs of collective knowledge production and their implications for the way in which the firm chooses the mix of internal and external knowledge. This choice in turn shapes the evolution of technological systems.     

科层制与学习型组织的相容性:基于知识创新视角的考察

学习型组织的提出和发展,是知识管理和知识创新的内在要求,是组织形式在科层制基础上的一种质的飞跃。因此就本质属性而言,学习型组织与科层制是不相容的。学习型组织构建的核心任务之一,就在于克服科层制在知识创新方面的内在缺陷。不断地消除这一不相容性,才能使组织更好地适应组织学习和知识管理的更高要求。