城市建筑三维形态研究——以大连市金普新区为例

城市空间形态是城市规划设计的重要研究内容。本文以大连市金普新区2015年UDEM为基础数据,从三维出发,以城市建筑形态为研究内容,在现有城市三维形态研究的基础上,提出新的占空度计算模型作为计算城市三维形态的指标,同时对计算结果进行空间自相关分析,探讨分析金普新区的城市发展形态。     

基于GIS的城市景观聚集度空间分异研究——以大连市金普新区为例

以大连市金普新区主城区2015年城市建筑数据为基础,利用城市景观二维聚集度指数,提出了城市景观三维聚集度指数,从多空间尺度,分析了城市景观聚集度的空间分异特征.研究结果表明,主城区景观聚集度指数分布呈现西南高东北低的趋势;景观聚集度大小与区域功能有关,工业区较低,居住区和商区较高,其中商居混合区出现最高值;大连民族大学...     

城市热环境空间格局及影响因素分析——以大连市金州区为例

近年来,城市化发展进程加快导致热环境发生变化,本文通过单窗算法反演地表温度、随机森林分类法对地物进行划分,结合GIS空间分析,对大连市金州区城市热环境的时空特征进行了研究。得出以下三点结论:(1)中心城区具有明显的热岛效应,地表温度总体上明显高于城市边缘区和郊区;(2)研究区包含5种主要地物类型,即植被、耕地、水体、裸土、建筑土地利用空间分布,其中耕地面积最大,水体面积最小;(3)在城市地表覆盖系统内,不同土地利用类型地表温度具有明显差异,其中建筑密集区、交通发达区与植被的LST最大温差可达10℃。     

大连市城市人居环境与产业结构关系定量研究

城市人居环境的影响因素多样,涉及自然环境、社会经济发展水平等主要方面。社会经济因素中的产业结构是城市人居环境的决定性因子之一;运用主成分分析方法以大连市为实证分析产业结构与人居环境之间的关系,并建立了数学模型;研究结果表明:产业结构中,第三产业对城市人居环境的影响最大,其原因为:①第三产业本身的服务业性质即直接提高了人居环境;②第三产业推动经济发展间接改善人居环境;③第三产业本身污染小,对人居环境的负面影响小;据此提出了大连市今后应大力调整产业结构,发展第三产业,促进人居环境的发展,形成第三产业与人居环境相互促进、良性循环的局面。     

缺水城市水资源补偿恢复能力研究——以大连市为例

针对城市水循环系统特征,借鉴恢复生态学观点,采取适度人工干预模式,从自然与社会两个方面探讨城市水资源补偿恢复;以滨海缺水城市大连城市区为例,通过可再生性测算确定其自然补偿恢复能力,研究结果表明:大连的金州区自然补偿恢复能力最强,市内4区次之,旅顺口区最低;在社会补偿恢复、污水回用,海水及雨水利用等方面仍有余地,适度人工干预有利于整个城市水循环系统的良性运行,可使系统在水量、水质和生态3方面相互协调,达到系统循环所要求的合理水平和恢复目标。     

城市建筑高度变化时空特征研究——以大连市沙河口区为例

以大连市沙河口区2012年、2016年城市三维建筑数据为基础,选取三维景观指标,运用Arc GIS空间分析方法从二维与三维结合来研究城市5年间建筑景观格局时空分异特征。结果表明:①大连市沙河口区建筑体积增加了153.5×10⁴m³;地块覆盖率增加了0.31%,容积率增加了13%,反映出沙河口区水平和垂直空间均呈现扩张趋势。②容积率在空间上分布差异明显,低和中等级容积率分别增加了-14.43%和15.46%;高与极高容积率占比较少,且集中分布于李家街、兴工街和中山公园街道;极低占比相对较少,且大部分在南沙街道。     

资源型城市空间扩展研究——以徐州市为例

以我国东部地区典型资源型城市徐州市为例,综合集成MSS、TM、SPOT等遥感影像和地形图、城市历史地图及其它空间数据,在遥感、地理信息系统等技术支持下,通过扩展强度、分形雏数、扩展方向等指标分析了徐州市城市扩展的时空特征,并从自然、经济、社会等方面探讨城市扩展的驱动力.结果表明:建国以来的近60年间,徐州市城市空间显著...     

乌鲁木齐市产业结构与城市空间形态耦合及响应关系研究

[目的]产业结构与城市空间形态之间存在相互作用关系,以乌鲁木齐市产业结构演替与城市空间形态演变为出发点,定量测度两个系统在城市发展不同阶段的耦合过程及特征。[方法]选取1996年、2002年、2008年和2014年4个年份作为研究时点,以Matlab和SPSS统计分析结果为基础,构建产业结构与城市空间形态耦合评价模型及空间响应模型,针对两个系统的耦合协调度和空间响应指数进行探究。[结果](1)在乌鲁木齐市城市发展进程中,产业结构对城市空间形态存在明显作用关系。(2)产业结构演替与城市空间形态演变的耦合协调性较强,耦合度介于0.622 8~0.725 3之间,且呈前期和后期高、中期低的"U"型特征,协调度介于0.991 3~0.999 5之间,处于中度耦合良好协调水平。(3)城市空间形态对产业结构演替的响应态势表现为前期高、中期和后期低的"L"型特征。[结论]产业结构演替能够推动城市空间形态演变。     

港口与城市经济发展关系探讨——以青岛为例

港口是一个地区通往世界各地的桥梁,它为城市的发展和繁荣创造了得天独厚的条件;近年来,青岛市的经济突飞猛进,青岛港发挥了巨大的促进作用;通过对青岛港口现状、社会经济效益的分析,认为港口与城市经济发展的相互影响,针对港口发展面临的环境,提出青岛港进一步推动青岛经济发展的措施。     

Measuring urban sprawl and exploring the role planning plays: A shanghai case study

Measuring the degree of urban sprawl largely depends on the local context and available data. This research establishes a multidimensional index which combines city expansion, urban compactness and urban form to measure sprawl. Urban planning, as part of the state-led growth approach, has exerted dramatic impact on city growth in China. Recent studies have discussed the role of planning in city growth. However, measuring the impact of planning on sprawl, has not been conducted. Taking Shanghai as a case study, this paper builds a multidimensional index to measure the spatio-temporal characteristics of urban sprawl in Shanghai from 1990 to 2010. It finds that urban sprawl was more serious in 2000s than in the 1990s, and the sprawl also presents spatial heterogeneity within different areas of the city. While quantifying the role of planning in urban sprawl, this study adopts the Geo-Detector based on spatial variation analysis of the geographical strata in order to assess the impact of planning on urban sprawl. It finds that planning is strongly correlated with urban sprawl, in other words, urban sprawl is kind of a "planned sprawl" in Shanghai. The research concludes with future planning policies necessary for a more sustainable and compact development pattern.     

National urban land-use/cover change since the beginning of the 21st century and its policy implications in China

China has experienced rapid urban expansion since the beginning of the 21^st century. Although many previous studies have explored the forces driving urbanization, how policies drive these changes at the national scale has not been fully examined. This research aims to delineate the regional differentiations of urban expansion and related impervious surface area (ISA) density and reveal the socioeconomic and macropolicy factors causing these changes. The result shows that national urban land expanded from 4.26 × 10⁴ km² in 2000 to 6.90 × 10⁴ km² in 2015 at an unprecedented rate, with an average increasing rate of 1760 km²/yr since 2000. The spatial metrics of ISA density diverted from a low-density sprawl mode during 2000–2010 to a dense expansion mode during 2010–2015, with the highest ISA density of 70.70% in 2015. Regionally, the rate of urban expansion and ISA growth reduced in the coastal zone in 2010–2015. In contrast, urban expansion accelerated in the western and central zones, due to the China Western Development Plan and the Rise of Central China Plan initiated in 1999 and 2006, respectively. Although the concept of “Sponge city” (an urban water management system) was proposed in 2013, the national ISA density still increased due to urban infilling. The overarching issue that must be seriously considered is the tradeoff between the magnitude of urban expansion and ISA density and building sustainable and livable cities in an era of urban transformation.     

Exploring the mechanism of border effect on urban land expansion: A case study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in China

Though previous studies have revealed the mechanism of urban land expansion based on different perspectives, the role of the administrative border tends to be ignored. Combined with empirical study and theoretical analysis, this paper attempts to explore the mechanism of border effect on urban land expansion. Firstly, we propose three hypotheses and develop an initial model. Then, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is applied to the empirical study. Based on the findings in the case study, we concretize the border effect and reveal the mechanism from a theoretical perspective. Our research indicates that borders have an indirect effect on urban land expansion. The indirect effect consists of the influence of administrative borders on medium and the impact of the medium on urban land expansion. The border effect is mainly caused by the influence of administrative borders on medium, while the disparity in border effect among cities and different years is determined by the impact of the medium on urban land expansion. Between 1990 and 2010, financial expenditure and the non-agricultural population were dominant components of the medium in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTHR). The social fixed asset was an important medium when regional marketization and integration were at a low level. Although urban land expands in the limited space built by administrative borders, it is caused by cross-border communication among cities. Findings in the paper are expected to enrich our knowledge of the relationship between borders and urban land expansion and provide potential support for the delineation of Urban Growth Boundary.     

Contingent valuation of urban public space: A case study of Ljubljanica riverbanks

The article presents an economic valuation of the Ljubljanica riverbanks area, which is an urban cultural landscape with distinct qualities of international importance. For this purpose, we combined a classical contingent valuation with a closed-form version of discrete choice method, where the protest responses have been removed. By using econometric analysis, we obtained the willingness-to-pay (WTP) value and established its determinants. It was ascertained that residents derived more utility from implementation of the targeted development scenario than visitors. Thus, a discriminatory contribution scheme similar to the one with respect to the mean WTP could supply substantial revenue for further targeted development, while still providing ample consumer surplus for both residents and visitors. The present analysis represents one of the method’s very few applications to urban landscape in Central and Eastern European countries.     

基于GIS的济南市城区扩展遥感动态监测

利用TM/ETM 影像,采用分类后对比法对济南市城区变化进行动态监测,在数量和空间上分析了1977~2001年济南市城区的变化;在3个时间段内,1996~2001年间城区年均增长面积最大,主要扩展方向为正东、东北、正西、西南和南部方向,但城区的整体扩展速率有所降低;通过缓冲区分析发现,济南市城区扩展趋势是以城区中心为原点,呈现同心圆式的外延扩展模式。     

Industrial land price and its impact on urban growth: A Chinese case study

China is experiencing rapid progress in industrialization, with its own rationale toward industrial land development based on a deliberate change from an extensive to intensive form of urban land use. One result has been concerted attempts by local government to attract foreign investment by a low industrial land price strategy, which has resulted in a disproportionally large amount of industrial land within the total urban land use structure at the expense of the urban sprawl of many cities. This paper first examines “Comparable Benchmark Price as Residential land use” (CBPR) as the theoretical basis of the low industrial land price phenomenon. Empirical findings are presented from a case study based on data from Jinyun County, China. These data are analyzed to reveal the rationale of industrial land price from 2000 to 2010 concerning the CBPR model. We then explore the causes of low industrial land prices in the form of a “Centipede Game Model”, involving two neighborhood regions as “major players” to make a set of moves (or strategies). When one of the players unilaterally reduces the land price to attract investment with the aim to maximize profits arising from the revenues generated from foreign investment and land premiums, a two-player price war begins in the form of a dynamic game, the effect of which is to produce a downward spiral of prices. In this context, the paradox of maximizing profits for each of the two players are not accomplished due to the inter-regional competition of attracted investment leading to a lose-lose situation for both sides’ in competing for land premium revenues. A short-term solution to the problem is offered involving the establishment of inter-regional cooperative partnerships. For the longer term, however, a comprehensive reform of the local financial system, more adroit regional planning and an improved means of evaluating government performance is needed to ensure the government's role in securing pubic goods is not abandoned in favor of one solely concerned with revenue generation.     

桂林市"两江四湖"工程对城市水环境影响初步研究

通过对2004年广西桂林市“两江四湖”的Cl-、SO42-、NH4 、NO2-、NO3-、总硬度、重碳酸盐、pH值、K 、Na 、Ca2 、Mg2 、Fe、Mn的定量测定,与工程建成前及建成后2003年的部分监测数据进行比较分析,结果表明,地表水、地下水水质指标值在变化特征总体上有相近的变化规律,四湖水质在“两江四湖”工程一期竣工后得到很大改善,水质总体上良好,达到工程设计的要求,但2004年的水质受自然和人为的综合影响,在工程建成后的部分监测指标值较2003年仍有所降低;针对存在的问题提出相关的建议。     

Synergy between urban planning, conservation of the cultural built heritage and functional changes in the old urban center—the case of Tel Aviv

The old urban center of Tel Aviv, like other urban centers in the western world, is undergoing accelerated development processes. Together with the trend towards gentrification are processes of urban renewal and infrastructure development and increasing demand for land and buildings, all of which increase the value of the land. The difference between Tel Aviv and other cities in the western world, as well as in Israel, is its young age and its quick pace of change. The old urban center of Tel Aviv is unique in that it is less than one hundred years old and is changing rapidly. Tel Aviv, which in 1909 was a small suburb of Jaffa, has evolved into an independent city, which is today the center of economic and cultural activities in Israel. Tel Aviv's short but significant history, together with its rapid changes, creates its image as an active and vivid metropolis with embedded heritage values. However, rapid development brings with it dilemmas. On the one hand, urban planners, tourists and entrepreneurs identify the center of town with its historical nucleus and heritage values. On the other hand, the rapid development and need for urban renovation are clearly in conflict with the need to preserve Tel Aviv's historical values and unique qualities. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that conservation of built heritage and urban development in ‘Young Tel Aviv’ can coexist and synergistically support each other, and that the historical values have economic potential, which may contribute to urban development. Heritage values can be formulated and even artificially produced to promote urban development. Although Israel has many very old cities with universal historical values, the young city of Tel Aviv is at the forefront of conservation.     

Sustainable valuation of land for development. Adding value with urban planning progress. A Spanish case study

This article presents a valuation model of land for development in a sustainable way, based on the design and execution of urban planning. Using this method, one can obtain, at any given point in time, the added value progress of the urbanization process. For each year during the plan’s execution, the value of land has been estimated. The free cash-flow method was applied in order to estimate the land valuation of any given year. From the estimate for each of those years, and using regression analysis, the most suited value added function was obtained, for the increase of value across time up to the point of finalized, fully urbanized land. The results show that this is an exponential growth function, such that during the initial years the progress of valuation is slow, but it accentuates during final years of execution as the land becomes urbanized, at which point the land achieves maximum value.