关中城市群土地集约利用与碳排放关系演化特征研究

研究目的:探究关中城市群土地集约利用与碳排放关系,梳理二者演化特征。研究方法:脱钩分析,面板数据模型构建。研究结果:(1)2000—2014年关中城市群土地集约利用水平与碳排放水平均呈上升趋势,城市间差异明显;(2)关中城市群整体土地集约利用与碳排放尚未脱钩;(3)关中城市群土地利用集约度与碳排放强度曲线呈现倒N型。当土地利用集约度达到临界值后,碳排放强度将会逐步递减,并趋于平稳。研究结论:关中城市群土地集约利用与碳排放尚未脱钩且土地利用集约度未达到临界值,土地低碳集约利用还有待进一步优化。     

长株潭城市群建设用地供需及综合效益分析

文章以长株潭城市群为研究对象,对该区域城市建设用地供需形势进行分析。通过构建用地效益综合评价指标体系,利用协调度模型对该区土地利用效益协调度进行综合定量评价。结果表明:(1)长株潭城市群土地供需日益严峻,到2020年城市建设用地短缺量最大将达13530.07hm2;(2)长株潭城市群2000-2014年用地效益协调状况总体上呈由不协调向比较协调状态转变;(3)土地投入强度不断加大,土地的经济效益、环境效益增长较快,社会效益则呈波动性缓慢增长态势。为此,需加强提高土地集约利用水平与土地利用效率,提升土地资源对经济社会发展的支撑及保障能力,促进土地利用与经济社会协调发展。     

经济发展与土地集约利用的动态关系研究

本文在分析经济发展与土地集约利用关系的基础上,测度了经济发展水平与土地集约利用水平,运用动态计量经济模型探讨经济发展与土地集约利用的动态关系。结果表明:1995年以来,中国土地集约利用水平、经济发展水平总体上不断提高;经济发展与土地集约利用均为一阶单整序列;经济发展与土地集约利用之间存在长期均衡关系,但短期内却存在失衡,短期波动向长期均衡趋近的调整幅度达到33.81%;经济发展是土地集约利用的格兰杰原因,而反向关系得不到实证支持。因此,应进一步转变经济发展方式,加强土地利用监督管理,提高土地资源集约利用水平,不断提升土地资源对经济发展的保障能力。     

耕地资源数量与经济发展关系的计量分析

研究目的:探讨耕地资源数量与经济发展的相互关系和相互作用,以协调耕地保护与经济发展的矛盾。研究方法:经济计量分析方法。研究结果:(1)耕地资源数量与经济发展之间存在长期均衡关系,但短期内却存在失衡,短期波动向长期均衡趋近的调整幅度达到38.37%。(2)耕地资源数量对来自经济发展的冲击响应强烈,经济发展的冲击对耕地资源数量变化的解释水平达到50%;经济发展对来自耕地资源数量的冲击响应微弱,耕地资源数量的冲击对经济发展的解释水平不到1.2%。(3)耕地资源数量、经济发展均显著地受到自身波动的影响。因此,协调耕地保护与经济发展的矛盾,应采取长期而非短期的策略,要把经济发展质量提升、耕地质量保护与土地集约节约利用作为主要途径。     

长株潭地区建设用地资源节约环境友好型评价

为提高长株潭地区建设用地集约友好性利用水平,实现土地资源的可持续利用,首先分析两型社会建设和建设用地集约友好性利用的关系,阐释建设用地节约友好利用的内涵,然后构建建设用地集约友好利用评价指标体系,运用因子分析方法对长株潭地区建设用地集约友好利用演变趋势进行动态分析。研究发现,1995-2007年间,长株潭地区建设用地集约友好利用水平处于曲折式上升状态。结果表明:尽管该城市群区域建设用地利用总体上符合两型社会建设的要求,但是依然存在不合理的地方,因此要注意建设用地政策的适当调整。     

湖北省城市土地集约利用与社会经济因素的计量分析

在测度2001—2009年湖北省城市土地集约利用水平的基础上,选取经济发展、人口增长和城市化率为社会经济因素,采用计量经济模型分析城市土地集约利用与社会经济因素的相互作用。结果表明:城市集约利用水平与经济发展、人口增长和城市化均为一阶单整序列;经济发展、人口增长、城市化和城市土地集约利用之间存在单项因果关系;城市土地集约度与社会经济因素之间存在长期的稳定关系,短期波动向长期均衡趋近的调整幅度达到68.36%。因而,政府应采取长期和短期结合的策略,加大城市建设的投入,加强土地利用管理,提高城市土地集约利用水平,使经济和城市化有序发展。     

武汉城市圈城镇化与土地集约利用响应分析

[目的]以武汉城市圈为研究对象,对武汉城市圈城镇化与土地集约利用响应关系进行评价。[方法]基于武汉城市圈内不同城市的城镇化和土地集约利用数据,构建城镇化与土地集约利用之间响应关系的变量序列,并利用向量自回归(VAR)模型进行格兰杰因果检验及脉冲响应和方差分解分析。[结果]VAR模型的拟合度(R~20.90)较高,能反映武汉城市圈城镇化与土地集约利用之间的相互作用关系。对于武汉城市圈内武汉和黄冈等城镇化水平较高的地区,城镇化的冲击对土地集约利用具有显著的正向影响,城镇化是推进土地集约利用程度持续提高的主要动力;对于潜江等城镇化水平相对较低的地区,城镇化对土地集约利用的冲击效应相对较弱,而土地集约利用促进城镇化水平提升的作用较明显。[结论]武汉城市圈内的大城市可通过推进城镇化与土地集约利用的双轮驱动,达到两者的协调发展,而小城市通过提高土地集约利用程度来推动城镇化水平的提升,以期为促进武汉城市圈城镇化与土地集约利用的协调发展提供科学依据。     

淮海经济区城市土地集约利用时空分异研究

文章应用GIS空间分析技术并采用综合指数法、变异系数法、重心转移分析等方法研究了淮海经济区土地集约利用水平的时空变化与分异,结果表明:(1)2000—2015年研究区20个城市土地集约利用水平均有不同程度的增长;(2)从时空分布来看,研究区土地集约利用水平分化程度呈现逐年增大的趋势,位于区域东部及北部江苏和山东下辖城市土地集约利用水平增长速度快于西部及南部城市;(3)2000—2015年研究区城市土地集约利用水平重心多数年份位于徐州,迁移方向向东向北;(4)2000—2011年研究区土地集约利用水平变异系数整体呈现出增大的趋势,2012—2015年变异系数差距虽未增加,但依然较大;(5)土地集约利用水平一定程度上反映了经济发展的水平,经济发展水平具有时间的滞后性。     

长株潭县域土地生态安全与经济发展耦合协调分析

以长株潭23个县(市、区)为研究单元,构建了土地生态安全和经济发展系统的综合指标体系,并运用综合指数法对2008年、2011年、2014年、2017年长株潭县域土地生态安全和经济发展系统的综合得分进行测算,分析了2008—2017年长株潭23个县(市、区)土地生态安全与经济发展的演变趋势,并借助耦合协调模型对土地生态安全与经济发展的耦合协调关系进行时空演变分析。结果表明:(1)2008—2017年长株潭土地生态安全均值整体呈"波动上升"趋势,土地生态安全状态有所改善;(2)2008—2017年长株潭县域经济发展均值整体呈持续上升趋势,研究区域经济发展水平不断提升,同时长株潭县域经济发展水平绝对和相对差异逐渐缩小,区域经济发展趋向于平衡;(3)2008—2017年长株潭县域耦合度均值呈现出"波动上升"的变化趋势,整体处于高水平耦合阶段;(4)2008—2017年长株潭县域耦合协调度均值整体呈持续上升的趋势,耦合协调性逐渐增强,但研究期内尚未出现优质协调型城市且良好协调型城市也只存在于个别城市,耦合协调性有待提升;(5)2008—2017年长株潭县域耦合度空间格局类似,只有局部发生改变,整体呈现出由北向南递减的态势;(6)2008—2017年长株潭县域耦合协调度呈现出由东北高,西北、西南和东南低演变为北高南低的特性。     

江苏省城市土地利用集约评价及区域分异特征

研究目的:对江苏省13个市市区土地集约利用水平进行评价,分析其区域变化规律,为宏观指导城市土地资源集约利用、切实实现土地利用方式的转变提供依据。研究方法:综合指数评价法,回归分析法,聚类分析法。研究结果:(1)江苏省城市土地集约利用水平呈阶梯差异,从南向北逐步降低;(2)经济发展水平是影响土地集约利用最重要的外部因素,苏南经济发达地区集约利用水平远远高于苏北地区。研究结论:通过运用地价杠杆、规划引导、区域合作、奖惩机制等手段促进城市土地集约利用。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.