合约实施制度与国际贸易文献综述

本文围绕制度和贸易主题,从新制度经济学的视角,对非正式合约实施制度与国际贸易;正式合约实施制度与贸易流量;合约制度与比较优势三个层面的相关最新文献做了梳理,突出了合约实施问题对于一国贸易规模和内生比较优势形成的重要性。     

正式制度与非正式制度的关系及其经济意义

正式制度与非正式制度作为制度的两个方面,具有统一、对立、在一定条件下相互转化的关系。其中,正式制度与非正式制度保持良好的兼容性才能充分发挥效果;正式制度具有不可替代性,但在短期内,非正式制度可代替正式制度提供安排。在我国市场经济发展过程中,制度创新和非正式制度建设有重要意义。     

企业内部控制制度的非正式制度分析

本文认为企业内部控制制度是一个整体框架,它不仅包括正式的制度,还应包括非正式制度以及这些制度的实施;企业内控制度中正式制度的实施,在一定程度上取决于非正式制度的性质和状况,正式制度与非正式制度具有协同性。本文从企业文化、企业社会资本、管理伦理三个层面对企业内部控制正式制度与非正式制度的关系进行了详细阐述,并论证了非正式制度在企业内部控制制度中的基础性作用     

制度距离、强效制度环境与中国跨国企业对外投资模式选择

本文基于2001至2012年中国88个跨国企业325个对外投资样本,利用Logit模型实证检验了中国跨国企业对外投资模式选择的特征及影响因素。除了研究正式制度距离和非正式制度距离对跨国企业海外投资建立方式和股权比例安排的影响机理外,同时考察了强效制度环境对跨国企业对外投资建立方式和股权比例安排的调节效应。研究发现:就对外投资建立方式而言,高正式制度距离与中国跨国企业选择新建投资模式的概率正相关,而非正式制度距离对其选择何种建立方式没有显著影响。在非正式制度距离存在的情况下,东道国市场经济运行效率对中国跨国企业海外投资的建立方式有显著影响。就对外投资股权比例安排的影响因素而言,正式制度距离越远,中国跨国企业海外投资选择合资方式的概率越大,且二者的相关性显著,而非正式制度距离对其影响则不显著。     

农村制度致贫因素分析

制度成为农村贫困新的致贫因素。农村贫困的深层次原因包括正式制度和非正式制度两个方面。其中正式制度主要属于国家政策层面,如户籍制度、社会保障制度等不仅兹事体大且变革非易事。而非正式制度包括农民思想观念、家(宗)族势力、富裕户崇拜等,正式制度和非正式制度相互结合,共同作用,要从根本上改革导致农民贫困的不合理制度设计才能帮助农民摆脱贫困。     

制约我国民族地区经济发展的非正式制度分析

民族地区经济的发展既受正式制度的制约,又受思想观念、文化传统等非正式制度的约束。本文主要分析了当前民族地区非正式制度因素对经济发展的负面影响,并提出了自己的建议。     

国家制度、行业制度密集度与出口比较优势

本文利用世界各国的贸易数据和制度数据,实证检验了制度对出口比较优势及其动态变化的影响。实证结果表明:由于行业本身存在制度密集度,国家制度会对显示性比较优势同时产生正向和负向影响;对于给定的行业,一国的制度越好,那么其在该行业上的显示性比较优势就越强;但同时国家制度水平与行业制度密集度之间的差异会对比较优势产生负向影响,即差异越大,那么该国在该行业上的显示性比较优势就越弱;在微观产品层面,制度对显示性比较优势的动态变化也产生类似的影响;国家制度越好,上一年度该国比较劣势产品在下一年度转化为比较优势产品的可能性就越大;国家制度与产品制度密集度之间的差异越大,上一年度该国比较劣势产品在下一年度转化为比较优势产品的可能性就越小。     

东道国制度对对外直接投资的影响分析

东道国制度是对外直接投资的重要影响因素。东道国的制度可以分为正式制度和非正式制度两类。本文分别就正式制度和非正式制度对对外直接投资的影响进行分析。     

东西部经济差异的非正式制度分析

经济的发展、东西部的经济差异不仅受到法规、准则等正式制度的影响,也受到文化习俗、道德规范等非正式约束制度的影响。文章从非正式制度规范、评价、凝聚作用入手,结合东西部地区非正式制度的具体差异,从而为西部地区经济发展提供启示和建议。     

农产品制度密集度的判定基于比较优势的视角

本文通过理论分析阐述了制度与农产品比较优势的关系，选取世界30个国家2000-2010年的相关数据，采用面板数据固定效应分析方法，考察了制度对农产品比较优势的影响。研究表明，农产品是较高制度密集型产品，其比较优势的形成与制度具有较强的关联性，制度质量越高，越有利于农产品比较优势的发挥。本文的这一研究结论为解决当前我国农产品比较优势的持续弱化提供了制度层面的参考。     

非正式制度对研究生学术水平影响的实证研究

研究生学术水平受正式制度约束，也受包括校园文化、学术道德规范和指导模式等非正式制度影响。经调查表明，校风、教风和学风以及学科建设氛围对研究生学术认同度的提高、学术理想的树立产生间接而深远的影响。指导模式直接影响研究生学术努力行为，是研究生提高学术水平的重要途径。研究生学术水平评价应以建立学术认同和遵守学术道德规范为前提，否则将会导致研究生学术行为的异化。     

Addressing the cross-boundary missing link between corporate political activities and firm competencies: The mediating role of institutional capital

This study examines the mediating effect of institutional capital on the relationship between corporate political activities (CPA) and firm competencies. By adopting an institutional perspective, we identify the influence of a firm’s relational CPA and participation CPA, and its two types of institutional capitals, formal institutional capital (FIC) and informal institutional capital (IIC), on the firm’s competencies. Based on survey data from multi-informants in 303 Chinese firms, our results suggest that firms’ institutional capital (IIC/FIC) partially/fully mediates the relationship between CPA and firm competencies. The findings provide the evidence that how nonmarket strategy, such as corporate political activities, affects a firm’s institutional capital and then its competencies.     

制度距离“、示范效应”与中国OFDI的区位分布

利用2000-2009年中国在73个国家和地区的OFDI数据,基于空间面板数据模型,从东道国制度质量、东道国与中国之间的制度距离等方面考察了东道国制度因素对中国OFDI区位分布的影响。研究结果表明:经济和法治制度对发展中国家吸收OFDI有显著的正影响,而对发达国家的影响则不显著;"制度距离"对东道国吸收OFDI有显著的负面影响;中国在发达国家成功投资的经验会通过文化制度、经济制度和法治制度溢出到与其制度"相邻"的发达国家,而在发展中国家,溢出路径为经济制度和法治制度。研究结果还表明,双边汇率以及东道国资源禀赋都是影响中国OFDI区位分布的重要因素。     

Resources,home institutional context and SMEs’ exporting: Direct relationships and contingency effects

Research highlights the role of resources in SMEs’ exporting but is less forthcoming with respect to entrepreneurial perceptions of home institutional quality. Drawing on institution-based lenses, we distinguish among formal, informal, and regulatory institutions, which in concert with firm resources are expected to influence SMEs’ export behavior. Our predictions are tested on a sample of 150 firms located in Greece. The analysis of direct relationships shows that formal and informal institutional dimensions affect significantly, but differently, SMEs’ export activity. The analysis of interaction effects demonstrates that resource decisions for exporting are contingent upon entrepreneurial perceptions of the home institutional context, such that SMEs respond to formal and informal domestic institutional weaknesses by intensifying resource allocations to fuel export sales. In an opposite direction, export regulatory complexity reverses the positive resources-exporting link. These findings suggest the importance of home institutions in the exporting field.     

India's Informal Trade with Bangladesh: A Qualitative Assessment

The large and vibrant informal trade between India, and Bangladesh continues to thrive despite unilateral/regional/multilateral trade liberalisation in these two countries. This calls for an in-depth analysis of India's informal trade with Bangladesh. Using insights from the New Institutional Economics informal and formal institutions engaged in cross-border trade are contrasted to examine whether informal trading arrangements provide better institutional solutions. The analysis, carried out on the basis of an extensive survey conducted in India and Bangladesh reveals that informal traders in India and Bangladesh have developed efficient mechanisms for contract enforcement, information flows, risk sharing and risk mitigation. Further, informal traders prefer to trade through the informal channel because the transaction costs of trading in the informal channel are significantly lower than the formal channel implying that informal trade takes place due to the inefficient institutional set up in the formal channel. The principal policy implication from the study is that unless the transacting environment of formal traders improves, informal trade will continue to coexist with formal trade, even if free trade is established in the SAARC region.     

The Performance Impact of Informal and Formal Institutional Differences in Cross-Border Alliances

This study addresses the simultaneous and diverse effects of differences in informal and formal institutions on cross-border alliances’ financial performance. We utilize data from 405 microfinance institutions (MFIs), based in 74 developing countries, that have alliances with partners from developed countries. We find that the impact of informal institutional differences between MFIs and their cross-border partners is sigmoid-shaped, with performance first increasing, then declining, before improving again as informal institutional differences grow large. By contrast, formal institutional differences appear to be detrimental to MFIs’ performance. Consistent with our prediction, we find that MFIs’ cross-border experience moderates both formal and informal institutional effects.     

Emerging economies and institutional quality: Assessing the differential effects of institutional distances on ownership strategy

The current study contributes to the institution-based view of internationalization that is contingent upon the home country development. We examine the differential effects of formal and informal institutions on emerging market multinational corporations’ (EMNCs) ownership strategies. Facing a large informal institutional distance that represents diverse cultural beliefs, EMNCs opt for a low ownership position that alleviates legitimacy threat, whereas a large formal institutional distance leads EMNCs to establish dominant ownership control. EMNC home market conditions, including market size and regulatory institutional quality, further explain the differential effects of institutional distances.     

Why do consumers purchase goods and services in the informal economy?

To evaluate critically the dominant discourse that consumers acquiring goods and services in the informal economy are rational economic actors seeking a lower price, the results of a 2007 Eurobarometer survey involving 26,659 face-to-face interviews in 27 European Union member states form the basis for analysis. The finding is that achieving a lower price is the sole motive for just 44% of informal economy purchases, one of several rationales in 28% of transactions, and not a rationale in 28% of acquisitions. Consumers also use the informal economy to circumvent the shortcomings of the formal economy in terms of the availability, speed, and quality of goods and services provision, as well as for social and redistributive reasons, with multilevel mixed-effects logit regression analysis revealing how the prevalence of these rationales significantly varies across populations. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications of the findings.     

Space for the informal tourism economy

ABSTRACT

In developing countries, many informal economy service providers obtain their livelihoods from tourism, and occupy and share public spaces to do so. As such, these actors must develop ‘rules in use’ that allow them to work alongside other providers, both formal and informal, in these shared spaces. These actors engage in coopetition, a mix of cooperation and competition, with each other. This paper provides a case study of informal sector service providers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, to examine how these actors access resources and interact. Snowball sampling was adopted to identify actors and 47 in-depth interviews with pedicab drivers and street vendors were conducted and supplemented with naturalistic observation. Results indicate the public spaces occupied by the informal sector may be classified as common pool resources, collective goods, or semi-private goods. Further, the interaction among the actors in these public spaces is based on the types of, and capacity in, providing goods and services, and trust generated from the actors’ interactions. This research identified the formal and informal ‘rules in use’ that govern the behaviours of the actors related to the use of spaces. Suggestions for how informal economy actors can manage such spaces to enhance their livelihoods are provided.