关系人：产业转型中的村社集体角色研究——基于川北B镇的田野考察

村社集体在村庄产业转型中处于重要位置。已有研究关注村社集体的变迁及其功能变化，忽视了村社集体在产业转型中的角色。村社集体是联系农户和市场的“关系人”，是促进小农户与现代农业有机衔接的途径。产业组织形态和关系行动是影响村社集体角色的两个因素。产业发展的组织环境和组织内部关系建构起两种类型的产业组织形态，分别是松散型产业组织形态和集中型产业组织形态。松散型产业组织形态中，村庄产业以规模效益为发展目标，产业类型和经营主体多样，村社集体与产业之间是服务关系，村社集体角色表现为服务型关系人。集中型产业组织形态中，村庄产业以组织效益为发展目标，产业类型和经营主体单一，村社集体与产业之间是经营关系，村社集体角色表现为经营型关系人。关注村社集体在产业转型中的角色有政策意义，即在村社集体推动下，基层治理与产业发展相契合，最终达至村-民-产整合。     

村社集体经济共同体与农民农村共同富裕——基于成都崇州的实践考察

高质量发展壮大村社集体经济是全面推进乡村振兴和实现农民农村共同富裕的重要途径。本文基于成都崇州市城乡融合发展实践创新，通过构建以“共有—共建—共治—共享”为体系的村社集体经济共同体促进农民农村共同富裕分析框架，比较分析了不同主体主导下的村社集体经济共同体促进农民农村共同富裕的运作模式、实现机制及其经验镜鉴。研究发现，不同主体主导下的村社集体经济共同体在对接农户需求和国家社会资源能力上各具特色，且有利于盘活农村集体资源、强化村社集体与农户之间的利益联结来实现村社治理现代化。受村社资源禀赋的差异性，其运营主体总体上呈现“村社党支部主导→村社能人(企业)主导或与村社党支部共建→乡镇政府统筹协调”的演进趋势。村社集体经济共同体通过产权共有机制、共建共治机制、利益共享机制等实现乡村资源整合、产业兴旺和治理有效。为此，地方政府需要进一步深化村社集体经济产权“共有制+分配制”改革，增强村社集体资源整合与组织保障能力，强化村社集体“共建共治”人才培育，优化村社集体经济运营管理与利益共享机制，统筹好各方利益“平衡账”,助力农民农村共同富裕。     

中国农业经营制度:演变历程、问题聚焦与变革取向

农业经营制度变革,对于保障国家粮食安全和推动乡村振兴具有重要意义。新中国成立70年来,农业经营制度先后历经家庭经营基础上的合作经营、集体所有制下的集体经营、家庭经营基础上的双层经营和家庭经营基础上的多元经营四个阶段。现阶段农业经营制度正面临从双层经营向多元经营转变的挑战,存在小农户分得太散、集体经济组织统得不够、新型经营主体培育不足、经营"非农化"和种植"非粮化"等问题。为此,需结合传统小农户发展转型的历史要求与新型农业经营主体的发展趋势,推动家庭经营基础上的双层经营制度向家庭经营基础上的多元经营制度转变,巩固和完善农村基本经营制度,加快实现农业农村现代化。     

小农户为主体的现代农业发展:理论转向、实践探索与路径构建

小农户与现代农业的关系变迁经历了从"去小农化"到"再小农化"的政策演进过程。农业转型的五大经典理论已蕴含小农户与现代农业关系结合的可能性线索,这为小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接提供了理论支持。已有研究中,"现代农业主位论"认可小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接的可能性,但却是建立在现代农业与小农户家庭经营存在优劣高下之分的认知误区中。"平行主体论"则建立在小农户与现代农业主体地位平等基础上,认为中国特色农业现代化呈现出现代农业带动小农户型和以小农户为主体的现代农业发展型的双维驱动路径。总体而言,小农户为主体的现代农业发展型明显呈现研究弱势局面。本研究结合实地调研案例指出,小农户为主体的现代农业发展路径包含内化小农户生产特性的产业和技术结构、小农户分散经营基础上的组织统筹以及差异化农产品的地方市场对接三个核心方面,是兼具内生性、组织性和差异性的中国特色农业现代化之路。     

区域农业产业集群特征与形成机制研究——以山东省寿光市蔬菜产业集群为例

农业产业集群作为一种有效的区域产业组织形式,可以提高农业综合生产能力,促进区域全面发展。山东省寿光市蔬菜产业集群的特征表现为以专业化小农户规模集聚为基础,以大型农产品批发市场核心,以农产品产业链条为纽带,以显著的地理根植性为前提,外部经济联系紧密。其形成机制表现为技术创新、经营组织创新、管理与服务创新。     

新型农业经营主体与小农户利益联结问题研究

振兴农业经营主体与小农利益联结有助于推动农业转型升级,对乡村产业兴旺农户增收致富具有积极影响。当前新型农业经营主体与小农利益联结受到农业经济发展水平、经营主体素质与能力、农业生产条件等多种因素影响。在分析小农户利益联结问题时,要遵循农业发展规律和发展趋势,按照自愿、平等、公平的原则,构建新型农业经营主体与小农户利益联系机制,为农业转型升级和农户脱贫致富创造有利条件。     

基于农户参与视角的农业产业化经营组织绩效评价及优化研究——以贵州省为例

近年来,我国农业产业化经营取得了较为突出的成就,然而随着时代的发展,农业产业化发展遇到了一定的瓶颈。文章首先对影响农户参与农业产业化经营的因素进行分析,得出农户特征、农产品特性、家庭经营特征、地理环境因素是影响农户参与产业化经营的最主要因素。基于此,通过对贵州省实地调研,发放600份问卷,获得农户参与农业产业化经营组织基础数据。并通过异质性指标和功能性指标构建出农业产业化经营组织绩效评价体系,采用模糊综合评价法进行评价,最终得出贵州省农业产业化经营组织绩效较为低下,仅为0.3033,尤其是交易过程绩效最低。根据评价结果,提出培育新型职业农民、提升农户市场竞争力,完善组织经营管理和治理结构、提升农户参与的意愿度,实现产业化经营组织服务机制创新、降低农户交易成本等3个针对性建议,以提高农业产业化经营组织绩效,促进农业经济发展模式转型,推进农业现代化建设进程。     

新型农业经营主体社会化服务能力建设与小农经济的发展前景

通过农地规模流转、培育新型农业经营主体可能损害小农户利益,压缩小农经济的发展空间。而通过加强新型农业经营主体社会化服务能力建设,创新其直接服务小农户的有效实现形式,不仅可以发挥村集体的统筹作用,激发小农经济的生命力,维护小农户的经济利益,而且可以破除束缚小农的外在约束性条件,将小农户纳入现代农业的发展轨道,使小农经济基础上的农业现代化成为可能。农民家庭经营与新型农业经营主体社会化服务相结合的发展模式,符合当前我国城市化和工业化发展阶段的客观实际,是在充分尊重小农户根据资源禀赋和社会环境变化自由选择进城与返乡权利基础上平衡城乡劳动力,维护中国经济平稳快速发展并有序推进中国特色农业现代化的可行选择。     

农业生产托管推进小农生产现代化的逻辑创新

[目的]“大国小农”是我国的基本国情、农情,未来我国农业现代化的难点是如何实现小农户生产经营现代化。针对现阶段小农户发展现代农业面临的“谁来种地”“如何种好地”“种地如何赚钱”等问题提出改进措施,从而为进一步丰富农业生产托管实践路径提供借鉴。[方法]文章采用理论研究、实证研究和案例研究相结合的方法,从推进生产托管服务主体联合、推动小农户组织化、满足农户个性化生产经营需求、健全小农户与市场主体的利益联结机制、建立农业生产托管的风险分担机制等五个方面,系统梳理农业生产托管推进小农生产现代化的逻辑创新。[结果]农业生产托管一定程度上起到了将小农户引入现代农业发展轨道的作用,提高了农业生产效率,同时也巩固了农户家庭经营的主体地位,没有将小农户排斥在现代农业发展的轨道之外。[结论]提出灵活推进各种规模化经营模式、提升小农户组织化程度、培育农业生产托管供需市场等改进措施。     

农业生产性服务对接小农户的实践探索与经验启示——以我国蔬菜工厂化育苗为例

我国正处于传统农业向现代农业转型发展的关键时期,如何创新农业生产经营模式、优化生产服务方式、实现小农户与现代农业有机衔接,是推进农业现代化和乡村振兴的关键问题。本文以农业生产集约化与精细化管理的先行者、现代农业服务于小农户的典型-蔬菜工厂化育苗为例,在回顾我国蔬菜育苗产业从20世纪70年代中期至今40余年发展历程的基础上,分析了我国蔬菜种植户的生产组织形式、种苗服务需求与困境;介绍了以服务小农户为主的我国蔬菜工厂化育苗在优化产业布局和变革对接模式方面的探索实践;提出了立足国情以实际需求为导向、因地制宜保障生产性服务有效供给、因势利导完善服务主体运营环境、与时俱进创新机制体制等促进小农户与现代农业有效衔接的建议。     

The Political Economy of Contract Farming in China's Agrarian Transition

How does rural China's political economy determine the motivations and constraints that drive small farmers and agribusiness companies into contract farming and shape its practice and impact? This paper identifies three distinctive features of contract farming in China – varied impact on rural inequality, unstable contractual relations and lack of competitiveness with other alternatives – and proposes tentative explanations linked to three features in rural China's political economy: strong collective institutions, active state support for agriculture and strong domestic markets. The recent turn in China's agrarian transition towards vertical integration of agriculture with industries is, however, undermining these conditions and may move China towards more convergence with other countries. Studying contract farming in China's unique political economy context shows not only how variations in the political economy can alter its practice and impact, but also how it needs to be evaluated in comparison with competing alternatives.     

Review Essay: Land,Labour and Agrarian Transition in Vietnam

Martin Ravallion and Dominique van de Walle argue that growing landlessness in Vietnam is a function of people capitalizing on the higher returns to education witnessed in wage labour when compared with farming. So, growing landlessness is a sign of economic success. This review argues that Ravallion and van de Walle misconstrue landlessness, misinterpret the associated data and downplay the constraints facing rural Vietnamese. In so doing, they fail to capture the complex realities of Vietnam's agrarian transition.     

Parametric and Semiparametric Modeling of the Off-Farm Labor Supply of Agrarian Households in Transition Bulgaria

The reaction of labor markets to economic reforms is an important indicator of the progress of transition. Because of diminished government support and the breakup of state and collective enterprises, labor market adjustments in the transition economies have been particularly severe in the agricultural sector. This article evaluates the off-farm labor market for a sample of agrarian households in transition Bulgaria. We give particular attention to the distributional assumptions that underlie standard approaches to the evaluation of labor supply. A variety of specification tests are considered and support for standard maximum likelihood estimates which rely on normality as a maintained hypothesis is mixed. Alternative semiparametric (distribution-free) estimators are also considered. The empirical results indicate that, five years after the initiation of the transition, off-farm labor supply patterns for Bulgarian agricultural households are similar to what is commonly observed in developed market economies. Labor supply is positively affected by factors such as education and work experience which are hypothesized to increase off-farm wages. Social benefit programs providing monetary or in-kind support payments are shown to significantly decrease off-farm work.     

Agrarian Crisis and Agrarian Questions in India

This essay reviews five recent books concerned with different aspects of the agrarian crisis and agrarian questions in India. Each book deals, implicitly or explicitly, with specific facets of these issues. Specific regional patterns of highly exploitative agrarian capitalist developments and the role of agro‐commercial capital are analysed by the books. The essay argues that the agrarian crisis is class specific and that the capitalist farming classes are, in the main, able to successfully accumulate, although uneven development across India makes generalization difficult. The review concludes with some overall perspectives on agrarian transition in India.     

Public Action, Agrarian Change and the Standard of Living of Agricultural Workers: A Study of a Village in Kerala

This article describes and analyses the ways in which public action in the State of Kerala in India helped to transform the standard of living of hired workers in agriculture. Specifically, the article analyses the extent of land and asset ownership, access to credit, access to social security schemes and food distribution systems and the conditions of housing and sanitation of households participating in agricultural wage work. The article is based as a case study of Morazha desam in the Malabar region of Kerala, which had one of the most oppressive agrarian systems in India before 1956–57. In 1955, another economist had studied Morazha desam; this study was conducted before one of the most important interventions through public action – land reform – took place in Malabar. The 1955 study had characterized the conditions of life of agricultural workers as 'wretched in the extreme'. The present article documents the significant transformation in the quality of life that took place in Morazha after 1955, through a weakening of the factors that led to 'wretched' conditions of life in the earlier period. The destruction of traditional agrarian power by the state through land reform was the most critical step in this process.     

Institutional Diversity and Capitalist Transition: The Political Economy of Agrarian Change in Arunachal Pradesh, India

This paper contributes a preliminary analysis of the process of agrarian capitalist transition in Arunachal Pradesh, one of the least studied regions of India. Primarily based on information collected through a field survey in eleven villages, the paper seeks to explain the nature and implications of institutional unevenness in the development of capitalism. Institutional diversity is not simply mapped across space, it is also manifested in the simultaneous existence of market and non-market institutions across the means of production within the same village or spatial context. In addition, there is a continuous and complex interaction among these institutions which both shapes and is shaped by this capitalist transition. Primitive accumulation emerges as a continuing characteristic of the on-going agrarian and non-agrarian capitalist transition. Institutional adaptation, continuity and hybridity are as integral to the emergence of the market economy as are the processes of creation of new institutions and demise of others. There is no necessary correspondence between the emerging commercialization of the different productive dimensions of the agrarian economy. These uneven processes are deeply influenced by existing and emerging power relations and by the state. Framed by the Bernstein–Byres debate about the contemporary (ir)relevance of the agrarian question, evidence is presented to justify the conclusion that although the processes at work are far from the classical models of the transition to capitalism, all aspects of the agrarian question remain relevant.     

Chile's Neoliberal Agrarian Transformation and the Peasantry

In the mid–1970s, following the early shift to neoliberalism, the Chilean rural sector was restructured dramatically, becoming one of the most successful cases of non–traditional agricultural export (NTAE) growth. However, many analysts fail to discuss the problematic nature of Chile’s integration into the global market. Underpinning this rapid growth of NTAEs is the exploitation of cheap peasant labour, especially seasonal female wage workers. This article examines the elements of continuity and change in agrarian policy since the transition to democracy in 1990. In particular, it presents the policy debate on the future of the peasantry: capitalization or proletarianization? The dilemma that policy makers face over maintaining high rates of NTAE growth while at the same time attempting to reduce poverty and income inequalities are also highlighted. The Chilean case can be considered as paradigmatic insofar as it exhibits key characteristics of the classical capitalist transformation of agriculture: the emergence of a new class of dynamic agricultural entrepreneurs, renewed proletarianization and land concentration, and intensification of social differentiation.     

Historical Materialism and Agrarian History

Theory as History: Essays on Modes of Production and Exploitation , by Jairus Banaji. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2010 . Historical Materialism Book Series Volume 25 . Pp. xix+406. €101 (hb). ISBN 978‐90‐04‐18368‐1 The collection provides an opportunity to assess Jairus Banaji's original and provocative contributions over more than three decades. This review tries to chart a path across the range of the essays as a whole, marked by three themes and their connections and possible disconnections: what constitutes modes of production; modes of production before capitalism and their histories; and characterizing and periodizing capitalism. Banaji's emphatic arguments for long histories/trajectories of commodity production, exchange and accumulation across different times and places, especially in estate agriculture and the circuits of merchant capital, traverse these three themes.     

农地金融制度构建与农村信用社业务拓展--我国农地金融业务承担主体的可行解研究

本文认为,通过成立专门土地银行来构建农地金融制度不符合效率原则;农业银行承担农地金融业务有悖于商业化改革方向和市场定位;受制于定位不明和实力不足,农业发展银行无法承担农地金融业务。因此,中国农地金融业务应由农村信用社来承担,其原因和优势:合作金融特征为农村信用社承担农地金融业务提供了制度保障,基层组织的广泛性和扁平式为农村信用社承担农地金融业务提供了组织保障,由农村信用社来开展农地金融符合农村金融的改革方向。