行为经济学视角下的社会保障理论演进

社会保障系统通过社会与个体的风险共担，增进了个人、家庭和社会的福利水平，对就业、消费、投资均有显著影响。过去社会保障理论侧重信息约束和跨期决策下的机制设计，通过政府干预来实现有效的风险和成本共担，进而有效化解社会成员所面临的各种风险。但这些干预机制有可能会对就业等产生负面影响。近年来，行为与实验经济学开始进入社会保障理论的研究，新的理论试图从理性约束视角来理解社会保障系统的性质及其影响，并提出了全新的助推机制的设计理念与思路。迄今的研究发现，干预机制和助推机制各有千秋，通过合理的互补与替代，能够更好地实现社会保障系统的有效运行。     

社会资本在减轻农村贫困中的作用：文献述评与研究展望

近年来,社会资本在减轻农村贫困中的作用逐渐成为发展经济学家关注的一个热点。本文分别从静态和动态两个视角综述了相关研究的思路和方法：从静态视角来看,信任对于减少绝对贫困有积极的作用,但某些形式的社会资本难以减轻绝对贫困,关于社会资本是否能减轻相对贫困则尚未取得一致的认识;从动态视角来看,社会资本通过非正式保险的机制平滑消费、减轻暂时贫困,通过促进融资和创业、保护产权、促进公共品提供和劳动力流动,有助于消除长期贫困。总的来看,随着市场化进程的深入,社会资本反贫困的积极作用有减弱的趋势。本文基于理论评述,提出了深化社会资本的减贫理论机制（尤其是对相对贫困的作用机制）、市场化进程中的社会资本反贫困机制、改进社会资本测量、加强因果效应识别等未来的研究方向。     

社会资本在减轻农村贫困中的作用：文献述评与研究展望

近年来,社会资本在减轻农村贫困中的作用逐渐成为发展经济学家关注的一个热点。本文分别从静态和动态两个视角综述了相关研究的思路和方法：从静态视角来看,信任对于减少绝对贫困有积极的作用,但某些形式的社会资本难以减轻绝对贫困,关于社会资本是否能减轻相对贫困则尚未取得一致的认识;从动态视角来看,社会资本通过非正式保险的机制平滑消费、减轻暂时贫困,通过促进融资和创业、保护产权、促进公共品提供和劳动力流动,有助于消除长期贫困。总的来看,随着市场化进程的深入,社会资本反贫困的积极作用有减弱的趋势。本文基于理论评述,提出了深化社会资本的减贫理论机制（尤其是对相对贫困的作用机制）、市场化进程中的社会资本反贫困机制、改进社会资本测量、加强因果效应识别等未来的研究方向。     

台湾社会福利制度对大陆的启示

台湾进入后工业社会时期以来,积极推进社会福利制度,特别是在劳工社会保险、全民健康保险、农村社会福利、国民年金制度等方面取得重要进展,但也存在着财政负担过重、社会保障欠公平、社会福利保障体系不够健全等问题。台湾社会福利制度的经验和教训对大陆社会保障制度的建立和完善,具有重要的启迪和借鉴意义。     

Is there any gain from social security privatization?

Increasing calls for a social security reform of switching from the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system to a funded system has been seen in recent decades. This paper examines the effect of this reform on capital accumulation and the welfare of each generation. Three methods are used to finance the pension debt, government debt financing, tax financing, and government asset financing. With government debt or tax financing, the market equilibrium remains unchanged and all generations are as well off in the new system as in the PAYG system. Thus, switching from the PAYG system to a funded system is neutral. With government asset financing, the interest rate will decrease, private capital will increase, but the total output may either increase or decrease. The welfare effect is also ambiguous in general, depending on the rate of return of government assets. With plausible parameters, our simulation shows that the reform will lower the interest rate, increase private capital, and lower government capital in the short run, but raise government capital and increase output in the long run.     

THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN HONG KONG: ESTABLISHMENT AND READJUSTMENT OF THE LIBERAL WELFARE MODEL

Hong Kong's social security system has followed a “liberal” welfare state regime. The system has undergone changes along with the high economic growth, changes in the labor market, and transformation of the political environment, but has retained the fundamental principle of a social security system led by the private sector. In recent years, Hong Kong has responded to the aging population and growing unemployment by introducing the Mandatory Provident Fund Scheme that requires individuals to join private‐sector pension schemes and by intensifying cooperation with nongovernmental organizations. This indicates the deep‐seated nature of the influence of the liberal regime in Hong Kong.     

Optimal government spending in an economy with imperfectly competitive goods and labor markets

This article examines the growth‐ and welfare‐maximizing government spending in an economy that is characterized by market imperfections, namely, unionization in the labor market and monopolistic competition in the goods market. To thoughtfully explore the optimal spending, two distinct scenarios where the government spending is financed by labor/capital income taxes are considered. Our analysis shows that the optimal growth‐maximizing government spending is inconsistent with the welfare‐maximizing government spending. Moreover, the growth‐maximizing/welfare‐maximizing government spending have quite different responses to distinctive market imperfections (markups in the goods and labor markets), particularly in the scenarios with distinctive financing modes. Our numerical study indicates that the growth‐maximizing and welfare‐maximizing government expenditures, in general, are more responsive to the change in the labor market friction than that in the product market friction and the growth‐maximizing government spending is more likely to be lower than the welfare‐maximizing government spending.     

经济发展与社会福利:从对立到整合

随着"全球化"时代的来临,经济发展与社会福利之间两难抉择成为了不可回避的问题.经济全球化的消极后果--劳动力市场改变、持续失业的产生、福利依赖性的增强以及抑制福利支出的需要,已经对社会福利的发展及其稳定性构成了严峻挑战.近年来,西方社会福利的论述正逐渐超越传统两难的格局,积极地探讨二者之间系统整合的可能性,由此激发出更多的福利发展新思维.     

我国事业单位养老保险改革现状及对策研究

养老保险是社会保障体系中最基本的组成部分,是构成社会主义市场经济体制基本框架的重要环节。目前,养老保险的热点和难点是事业单位养老保险制度改革的问题。事业单位养老保险改革的滞后,不仅影响了整个社会保障制度的发展与完善,制约统一的劳动力市场的形成,而且加重了国家财政负担,阻碍了社会主义和谐社会的建设。本文基于以上背景,首先介绍了我国事业单位养老保险的改革发展历程,回顾了建国以来我国的事业单位养老保险所经历的三个阶段;其次着重分析当前事业单位养老保险制度改革进程中所存在的主要问题,最终提出完善我国事业单位养老保险制度的对策。     

Labor contracts and social insurance participation among migrant workers in China

Using the China Household Income Project migrant survey data from 2007 to 2008, this paper examines the association between migrant workers' labor contract status and their social insurance participation, including pensions, work injury insurance, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, and the housing provident fund. The results show that having a labor contract, especially a long-term contract, improved the migrant workers' social insurance coverage to a substantial extent. Furthermore, moving from having a short-term contract or no contract to having a long-term contract significantly increased one's odds of having social insurance, whereas losing a long-term contract reduced the likelihood of having social insurance. These results highlight the importance of having a long-term labor contract for migrant workers' ability to obtain social insurance coverage and thereby increase their security and protect their basic rights.     

广西农村劳动力转移就业模式、基础条件与保证研究

适合广西农村劳动力转移就业的模式有农业模式、小城镇模式与劳务输出模式,提高农村劳动力的整体素质是广西农村劳动力转移就业的基础条件,建立乡城统一的劳动力市场、改革户籍与土地制度、完善社会保障制度是广西农村劳动力顺利转移就业的根本保证。     

新生代农民工社会保障现状及对策

本研究以新生代农民工的社会保障现状为研究主题,对新生代农民工社会保障权益的情况进行调查,发现社会上存在许多新生代农民工缺乏合理的社会保障,很多新生代农民工基本的社会保障权益得不到切实保护,他们社会保险参保率低、社会福利和社会救助难以享受等一系列问题。本文在维护新生代农民工的社会保障权益的问题上提出以下几点建议:加强新生代农民工的自身发展、改变城市社会对新生代农民工的看法,促进企业和员工共同发展以及加强企业维护职工合法权利的意识,加强政府的对社会保障的宣传力度和监督力度,完善社会保障立法,制定适合新生代农民工的合法合理的保障制度。     

农村剩余劳动力转移的制度性阻滞因素研究

文章指出,缺乏完善的土地流转制度和统一的土地流转市场,没有完善的农村社保制度,使农民很难下决心彻底放弃对土地的依附。农民工整体受教育程度低和缺乏职业技术使劳动力市场呈现结构性失业。文章认为,改革的深入使户籍制度、土地制度和社会保障制度对农村剩余劳动力转移的阻滞影响逐渐减弱。改革教育制度和健全劳动力市场制度是保证农村剩余劳动力顺利转移的长期策略。     

中国社会保障体系的生命周期

This paper develops life-cycle models for the mair. social security systems: the state-secured system, the welfare state system, the compulsory savings system and the social insurance system. All four life cycles are similarly composed of birth, growing, peak, decline and death stages. China is in the growth stage of the social insurance model and is expected to enter the peak in 30 years or so, by a series of proposed efforts in economic reform and policies.     

Heterogeneous workers and international trade

In this paper, I survey the recent theoretical literature that incorporates heterogeneous labor into models of international trade. The models with heterogeneous labor have been used to study how talent dispersion can be a source of comparative advantage, how the opening of trade affects the full distribution of wages, and how trade affects industry productivity and efficiency via its impact on sorting and matching in the labor market. Some of the most recent contributions also introduce labor market frictions to study the effects of trade on structural unemployment and on mismatch between workers and firms.     

THE FOUNDATION OF THE MEXICAN WELFARE STATE AND SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM IN THE 1990s

Before 1982 Mexico's welfare state regime was a limited conservative one that put priority on the social security of organized labor. But following the country's debt crisis in 1982, this regime changed to a hybrid liberal model. The Ernest Zedillo government (1995–2000) in particular pushed ahead with liberal reform of the social security system. This paper examines the characteristics and the policy making of the social security reforms in the 1990s. The results suggest that underlying these reforms was the restructuring of the economy and the need to cope with the cost of this restructuring. The paper also points out that one of the main factors making possible the rapid execution of the reforms were the weakened political clout of the officialist labor unions due to their steady breakdown during the 1990s and the increase in the monopolistic power of the state vis‐à‐vis the position of labor during the negotiations on social security reforms.     

我国城镇老年人医疗福利状况分析与对策研究

本文基于现有文献研究的数据和观点对目前我国城镇老年人的医疗福利状况进行了归纳和分析,包括老年人的医保参保、医疗保障、医疗费用负担、支付能力情况等。在对这些现状进行梳理的基础上,本文指出了其中存在的问题,并提出了扩大医疗保险覆盖率、缩小地区差距、补助贫困老人、提高基层医疗机构利用率等一系列相关政策建议。     

实行缴税制:社会保险筹资模式的思考

目前世界各国社会保险筹资模式,通常有三种形式:缴税制、缴费制和预筹基金制(强制储蓄)。但在我国,对于社会保险筹资模式到底应该采取税的形式还是费的形式,一直存在着激烈的争论。本文在回顾社会保险筹资模式税费之争的基础上,认为我国社会保险筹资模式应采用缴税制,主要的原因是实行缴税制符合社会保险的公共产品特性,且具有天然的优势。     

大学生就业市场的失衡与保障选择

在市场经济发展的历史上,就业市场供需失衡的事例并非罕见。而当今大学毕业生面临的就业市场风险是前所未有的。如果现有的社会保障制度能够承受大学毕业生供大于求的状况,亦即现有的社会保障制度能够使得失业的大学生不至于影响社会安定,则市场的调节作用将是有效的。而目前的失业救济和失业保险制度都可以暂时解决他们的就业危机,但两类保障模式存在着差异性。文章从当前就业市场失衡的现状入手,论证了将大学生纳入失业保险优于失业救济的保障选择。     

政府支持农业保险发展的经济学分析

农业保险经营的高昂成本及很低的投保率使农业保险难以商品化和市场化,需要政府介入以扩大其有效需求;农业保险是一种准公共品和优值品,需要政府通过补贴方式强制或鼓励农民投保;农业保险较强的外部经济性,需要政府介入以节约其交易费用,提高交易效率;政府支持农业保险会增加社会福利;农业保险承保的风险特殊性及技术障碍的解决离不开政府支持。