中外旅游标准化发展现状和趋势比较研究

从全球范围看,旅游标准化的中心在欧洲,其中尤以西班牙、法国、德国等国的旅游标准化研究最为突出。标准化范围集中在滑雪、潜水、水疗、接待服务、安全规范等领域,标准化重点集中在术语、服务规程等方面。与此相比,中国的旅游标准化体系构建较为完善,但在标准的认证、适用性和操作性上,尤其是旅游标准化工作以政府为主的制度安排,相关利益方参与较少,与西方的民间组织运作模式存在着较大的差异。一些标准无法发挥应有的作用,也不与国际同类标准接轨,缺乏增进国际相互交流与理解的功能,只是一种辅助性的政策与政府实施行业管理的工具。中国旅游标准化工作发展的主要方向应该是制度创新。     

基于地方情感的旅游目的地选择模型建构研究

旅游目的地选择模型建构的研究多数以微观经济学、认知心理学与市场营销学等为基础理论,较少从个体与地方感情连结的视角探讨游客旅游目的地选择决策行为。文章以旅游目的地选择为研究主轴概念,结合地方情感概念中的旅游目的地意象和地方依恋,根据研究文献梳理结果、基础理论界定模型建构的路径变量与逻辑框架,进而提出基于地方情感的旅游目的地选择模型及模型过程步骤。文章建构模型表明,游客旅游目的地选择始于旅游目的地意象的形成,随着整体认知意象的深化,游客对旅游目的地将产生地方认同感,再通过选择决策行为选择意向的旅游目的地从事旅游活动,通过对旅游目的地旅游体验的功能满足产生依赖感,最终形成对旅游目的地的地方依恋感。研究成果对于旅游目的地选择具有交叉研究的创新价值,对于旅游目的地市场战略规划实践活动而言具有参照价值。     

中国旅游标准化工作成效回顾

1987年我国首次颁布实施涉外旅游星级饭店评定标准,标志着中国旅游业标准化建设的开始.由于各级政府和旅游行政管理部门高度重视以及广大旅游企业的积极参与,20多年来,旅游标准化工作呈现出快速、高效、持续发展的势头.截至2007年底,我国已经颁布了16项旅游标准,其中,国家标准11项,行业标准5项,是世界上制定和颁布旅游业标准最多的国家;其中,旅游区(点)质量等级与评定、内河旅游船星级评定、旅游厕所质量等级的划分与评定等标准都是我国首创的旅游标准.     

胜任力模型在旅游管理专业课程建设中的建构与应用——以“西藏旅游”为例

胜任力模型包括胜任力、能力、行为和水平等构成要素,具有指导、激励、反馈等育人功能。在人才培养中,该模型强调能力导向和实践基础,注重专业技术能力、思想政治素养和职业道德修养的培养。文章以“西藏旅游”课程为例,详细介绍如何运用胜任力模型进行旅游管理课程建设,主要包括胜任力模型的构建、教学大纲设计、教材内容开发、实践教学模式、教学方法和教学评价等内容,突出胜任力模型在旅游管理专业教育中的实用性。     

旅游资源标准的理论盲点与解决方法

1951年,塞莫曼(Zimmerman)指出"资源"并不是自身形成的,也不是静态的,而是相对于人类活动会产生膨胀或压缩,也就是说,自然界中存在的树木、水、岩石等在没有能够满足人类需要的能力时就不是资源.这个观点对于旅游资源的讨论也是适用的,事物对游客有吸引力才成为旅游资源.     

旅游文化与文化旅游:理论与实践的若干问题

“旅游文化”与“文化旅游”是两个容易被混淆的概念,也是两个应该引起重视的研究领域。本文从对比这两个概念在国内外的研究状况入手,辨析了这两个概念的含义及其研究范畴,指出目前研究的局限和应有的研究框架,并分析其相应的实践应用方向。     

中国最佳旅游城市标准的理论与实施

在对《中国优秀旅游城市标准体系》实施成就与经验回顾的基础上,本文首先介绍了国家旅游局制定的“优中选优”战略背景,以及其委托世界旅游组织和北京大学专家根据其拟定的“动态评估”原则而共同起草的《中国最佳旅游城市标准》的总体原则、基础标准、专项标准。文章接着对中国最佳旅游城市的创建策略、实施步骤和实施影响进行了阐述。文章有利于从理论和实践两个方面指导全国各大、中、小城市创建以城市为目的地的国际化旅游战略的实施。     

中西方视角谈旅游研究与理论建构

正某一年,美国地理学会会长的主席演讲中讲到,地理学是什么?地理学家所做的事就是地理学。套用过来,旅游学是什么?旅游学者所做的事就是旅游学。这是一个宽泛的说法。但某种程度上的确适合后现代的观点,所有的生活都是跨学科的。在今天的以流动为特征的社会中,学科边界也变得模糊,     

中西方旅游需求预测对比研究:理论基础与模型

旅游需求预测在国家旅游发展政策制定和战略规划和决策等方面有着极为重要的作用.西方学者对于旅游需求预测的研究主要侧重于旅游需求模型与实证分析.我国旅游需求预测研究主要是建立在西方研究基础上的理论引介与探讨.本文基于对中西方研究差距与差异的对比分析,讨论了旅游需求预测的难点、全球及中国旅游需求预测的各种问题,明确提出了中国旅游需求影响因素的分类方法及旅游需求预测研究的未来指向.     

Sustainable Tourism Using Regulations,Market Mechanisms and Green Certification: A Case Study of Barbados

Tourist destinations are under market pressure to offer a green product, including the Caribbean, one of the world’s most tourism-dependent regions. A decade after the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States convened in 1994, sustainable tourism remains a priority for Caribbean countries. This paper, using Barbados as a case study, attempts to establish if sustainable tourism policy existed, if so, how was it being implemented, and if not, what were the main areas of weakness. It found that although there was a vacuum in sustainable tourism plans and policies, the government was indirectly influencing sustainable tourism through regulatory mechanisms such as land use and infrastructure planning and market instruments. Additionally, industry was playing its part through voluntary compliance with green certification. There was a clear indication of government-industry cooperation. However, despite these measures and approaches, key infrastructure was inadequate, environmental impact assessments for potentially damaging tourism projects were not required by law and public participation was weak. The paper concludes that there are challenges for Barbados and other similar SIDS in attaining sustainable tourism in the long haul.     

酒店设计的原真性与标准化协调——理论构建与个案展示

为满足旅游者的差异化需求,酒店在前期设计过程中需要与地方文化结合,并保持建筑外观和内部装饰的设计感,这与接待服务的原真性相关.然而,现代酒店以标准化、规范化服务为基础,为旅游者提供食、住、娱、购等基本功能,这些功能需要以标准化为基础.从消费者角度,旅游者既需要个性化、创新的酒店设计,又需要获取大众化、高性价比的酒店产品.酒店设计在原真性和标准化之间存在两难.文章基于理论分析,构建基于原真性和标准化的理论框架,并以若干酒店为案例,讨论酒店设计过程中如何协调原真性和标准化的两难问题.研究结论对酒店建筑和室内设计提供理论支持,也将为主题酒店、设计酒店、精品酒店等方面的研究提供经验借鉴.     

旅游业区域溢出的可计算模型及案例

一个开放的经济系统中,旅游业区域溢出广泛存在,而溢出大小除了与两个旅游区之间的规模等级差异和空间距离呈负相关外,还与它们之间的类型差异和接受溢出方的学习能力呈正相关。本文即是对上述溢出影响因子进行综合,借鉴经典知识溢出公式而构建了一个测度旅游业区域溢出的机理模型S(ji)=δje-1δ(jl)Gi(jl)2+δ(jk)G(ijk)-βrij,并在进一步的变量定义和参数估计后,实现了模型的可计算化。此外,本文还利用该模型对长江三角洲"15+n"旅游城市之间的溢出情况进行计算,在验证模型可信度的同时也分析了区域旅游合作及相应旅游圈组织的有效性问题,取得了一些有益的认识。     

张家界城市旅游发展的效率特征与演进模式

文章采用数据包络分析方法对张家界市22年来旅游发展的效率水平进行了测量,结果显示,该市22年来的城市旅游效率只有2006年、2007年和2012年达到有效,说明多数年份没有充分利用资源.在各分解效率中,规模效率水平较低,但技术效率和利用效率水平相对较高.规模效率与总效率的相关性强于技术效率和利用效率,说明城市旅游发展过程中资源投入规模是决定张家界城市旅游效率水平的最重要因素.以2000年左右为界限,张家界城市旅游的效率可以划分为快速增长期和相对稳定期两个阶段.随着资源投入规模的不断扩大,通过要素投入获取更高生产效率的空间逐渐收窄.研究认为,不同阶段对资源投入利用方式的差异是决定张家界城市旅游效率水平的关键,而这种特征正是人地关系相互影响的有效验证.     

Characteristics of a Medical Tourism Industry: The Case of South Korea

This study investigates the process involved in developing a medical tourism industry in South Korea as a case country, one of the fastest growing countries with strong potential in the medical tourism industry. It analyzed 252 articles on medical tourism posted on the websites of the Korean Tourism Organization and the Korean International Medical Association. Both sources are highly representative portal websites for medical tourism in the country. The article aims to enhance understanding of medical tourism as a new growth industry while identifying its key developmental characteristics and makes valuable suggestions for the industry that can be reflected to other countries. The study contributes theoretically and practically by examining the unique and updated characteristics and process of positioning of this recently emerging field in the global tourism industry.     

The Tourism Penetration Index in Large Islands: The Case of the Dominican Republic

The Tourism Penetration Index (TPI) (McElroy & de Albuquerque, 1998) provides an overall measure of economic, social and environmental impact in small islands. Thus far it has not been used to gauge tourism’s spatial concentration in different regions within a given destination. This study develops a TPI for four regions in the Dominican Republic (DR), and these regional scores are compared with a sample of 42 small islands. Results place Punta Cana in the east among the most penetrated islands/ regions, Puerto Plata/Samana in the north among the intermediate, and La Romana/San Pedro and Santo Domingo in the south among the least developed. Results are also compared with surveys on visitor satisfaction, perceptions of safety, and propensity to return. Planning and research implications are discussed.     

The Twin Landscapes of Waitomo: Tourism Network and Sustainability through the Landcare Group

This paper examines the management and coordination of a tourism destination stakeholder group, the Waitomo Caves Landcare Group. The Waitomo Caves destination context is unique in that its images and attractions occur underground and yet its long-term sustainability depends upon the aboveground land practices that occur within the broader catchment area. The Waitomo Caves Landcare Group was formed to protect and conserve this critical resource upon which the community is economically dependent. This paper illustrates network theory, offering an alternative perspective for understanding interdependent stakeholder groups. It focuses specifically on the informal coordination mechanisms that structure networks. The structure of the network, relational connections, and structural embeddedness are illustrated as key propositions that contribute to this process.     

Constructing Indicators of Culinary Tourism Strategy: An Application of Resource-Based Theory

A tourism destination that seeks to develop culinary tourism products must combine the featured culinary cultures with tourism resources to support the culinary tourism strategies. A concrete strategic framework will aid tourism destinations in identifying local culinary products and experiences and creating promotional strategies and tools for the development of local culinary tourism. The purpose of this study is to construct a strategy framework and indicators for culinary tourism in Taiwan based on resource-based theory (RBT). This study included a qualitative document analysis, a literature review, in-depth interviews, and application of the Fuzzy Delphi method. The results show a culinary tourism strategy framework consisting of four dimensions and 75 indicators. The four dimensions are resources, capabilities, strategy, and education. The four dimensions are comprised of 10 factors (strategies) with a total of 75 indicators. In addition to its practical implications, an important contribution of this study is its application of RBT to develop national culinary tourism resource and strategy planning.     

Managing Tourism in Small Islands: The Case of Pulau Ubin,Singapore

Pulau Ubin is one of the few Singapore offshore islands relatively untouched by development and provides a striking contrast with the main island in terms of the natural and man-made environment. As such, it has a special appeal for residents and tourists who have been attracted there in increasing numbers. Current activity remains on a restricted scale, however, and impacts experienced to date have been limited although of growing concern to some environmentalists. Conditions are now changing as Pulau Ubin has been identified by the government, official bodies and the private sector as a suitable location for tourism and, in the longer term, urbanisation. This paper examines the management of the island and explores the proposals put forward by the various agencies involved and their implications, suggesting that it is in danger of losing those qualities which have made it a unique natural and cultural attraction. Whilst recognising the particular circumstances of the case, more general issues relating to the challenges of managing small island tourist destinations and achieving sustainability are also illustrated by the example.