联合国《千年生态系统评估报告》指出地球生态堪忧

每年的4月22日，是“地球日”。今年“地球日”的主题是“保护我们的孩子和未来”，联合国不久前发表的《千年生态系统评估报告》中却说到这样触目惊心的数字：一个出生在撒哈拉沙漠以南国家的儿童，5岁以前死亡的概率是工业发达国家儿童的20倍。这个差距比10年前拉得更大。     

联合国面面观

餐厅与酒会联合国从大的方面说，是个国际大讲坛；从小的方面说，是个供一帮看上去挺体面的人练口才的地方。联合国大厦里每天都有宴会，每天都有酒会。联合国最大的餐厅是职员餐厅，在一楼，可以容纳几百人。在这里吃饭，主要是自助餐，想吃什么自己拿，然后算帐。一般情况下，一人花三四美元可以吃得很好。中国代表团给联合国的中国职员每人发５美元的午餐费，由个人随意支配。有的人在外边买些水果和三明治当午餐，价格便宜，吃得很好。当然，如果约了朋友，那就非去餐厅不可了。在大厦五楼还有个代表餐厅。各国代表团的代表要吃饭，不能…     

联合国图书馆

联合国图书馆发挥着类似于国家图书馆的作用,它们负责保存并使人们能够查阅联合国各工作地点出版的所有材料。联合国图书馆共同体具有广泛的成员,其中包括:纽约联合国总部的达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆、联合国日内瓦办事处图书馆、联合国维也纳各图书馆、联合国的塞尔希奥·比埃拉·德梅洛图书馆、各区域委员会的图书馆、联合国大学图书馆以及托存图书馆等。自1946年以来,为了确保普遍能获得在和平与安全、人权、经济及社会发展、人道主义事务和国际法等领域中的必要资料,达格·哈乌舍尔德图书馆通过在世界140多个国家400多所图书馆的托存图书…     

联合国网站

联合国有6种正式语文：英文、法文、中文、俄文、西班牙文、阿拉伯文.联合国大会在2004年12月的一个决议中强调,必须确保新闻部在所有活动中全面公平地对待所有联合国正式语文.联合国秘书长建议由提供内容的秘书处各部门将联合国网站上所有英文材料和数据库译成所有正式语文,以联合国所有正式语文来不断发展、加强联合国网站.2004年12月31日启动的把正式文件系统并入联合国网站的工作将大大加强网站的多语种特性,使公众可以免费查阅用6种正式语文编制的联合国所有会议文件.因此,联合国网站必须实现六种正式语文的完全同等地位便成为一项重要任务.     

联合国的发展哲学

联合国是世界上最大的国家政府间组织，它的思想和行动既是各国政府斗争的产物，又是其妥协、认同、共识的产物，对国际社会的影响远比一般学的思想更直接、更广泛。联合国从事发展工作的时间已跨越四个发展十年，囊括所有全球性经济、社会、化和人道主义问题。联合国的业务普及发展的所有领域和每个层次。因此研究联合国的发展思想是十分重要的，它有助于我们更好地理解联合国的发展工作和思想，有助于我们了解国际社会的发展动向和思潮。     

联合国的生死歧路

该是联合国改革的时候了,否则它就存在寿终正寝的可能。但是如何摆平安理会成员间的利益之争成了改革的最大阻碍,因为没有一方愿意“大公无私”     

胡适与联合国

今年是世界范围的反法斯战争胜利50周年,也是“联合国”成立50周年,各国都举行各种各样的纪念活动包括关于“联合国”的学术讨论与专题研究.这篇《胡适与联合国》小文章或也可算是联合国研究史料方面的一点补阙吧.抗日战争的胜利标志着第二次世界大战的结束.此后,中国与全世界开始面临战后的国际新形势,国际长久和平的迫切希望,各国平等友好相处的新秩序更是全世界饱经二次大战苦难的人民的共同愿望.1944年秋,中美英苏四大国的代表在华盛顿郊区乔治城举行了会议,酝酿发起建立世界战后集体安全新组织的准备.1945年2月雅尔塔美英苏三国首脑会议决定于4月25日在旧金山召开联合国会议.3月5日由美英苏中发起国向已加入《联合国家宣言》的反法西斯国家发出参加旧金山会议正式邀请书.3月27日中国国民政府行政院公布了中国出席旧金山会议的代表团成员名单代表中包括卸任已三年的中国驻美大使胡适.——胡适欣然按受了这个任命.     

太行山果树引种与生态适应性研究

太行山低山丘陵区果树引种试验结果表明，不同果树以及同种果树不同品种对当地的生态条件的适应各有不同，通过品种比较试验选育出了适应该地区发展的耐旱，耐贫瘠土壤的优良石榴、甜柿、枣及欧洲甜樱桃等品种，为太行山区生态林业工程建设，实现山区综合开发以及生态系统的恢复与重建提供了优良品种，为建设太行山区适生优质种质资源基地奠定了坚实基础。     

A dynamic approach to voluntary environmental contributions in tourism

In an evolutionary game-theoretical model of tourism firms that use an endogenous natural Common Pool Resource (CPR) we show that stable equilibria with voluntary environmental initiatives may coexist with other equilibria where voluntary abatement is absent. The basins of attraction of the equilibria are identified and a bifurcation analysis is carried out producing two results with policy implications. First, there is a highly non-linear relationship between the cost of abatement required to be green and the share of green firms. Second, increases in the number of the CPR's users will ultimately dissipate the incentives to make abatement beyond regulation.     

A materialist development of some recent contributions to the labour theory of value

The paper offers a novel interpretation and affirmation of theopening arguments of Capital, answering the fundamental butneglected question of why labour is the substance of value.Marx's arguments require that two philosophical threads, oftenseparated in the literature on value, be woven together. Theargument that value is the intrinsic ‘content’ makingcommodities exchangeable employs the thread of realism. Theargument that abstract labour is the emergent ‘socialsubstance’ of value employs the thread of dialectics.This interpretation develops the materialist and dialecticalphilosophy of E.V. Ilyenkov and deepens the approach to valuetheory initiated by Ben Fine.     

西部生态环境建设初探

西部开发，实际上是西部的现代化进程。中国西部的生态非常脆弱，而西部生态堪称整个中国人的生存线。西部大开发会不会变为西部大开荒、西部大开矿？西部大开发战略的首要目标之一就是采取措施保护和建设生态，给中国未来的可持续发展打下坚实的基础。本文从现实的角度出发，对西部开发中的生态建设问题进行了一定探讨。     

A consumption-based approach to environmental Kuznets curves using the ecological footprint indicator

Recent research suggests that consumption-based measures offer an insightful perspective on the debate on the relationship between economic growth and the environment. In this article we deepen the consumption-based line of inquiry by investigating the empirical evidence in support of the environmental Kuznets hypothesis using 2001 ecological footprint data for 141 countries. We perform Ordinary Least Squares and Weighted Least Squares analysis on linear, quadratic and cubic functions, in standard and logarithmic specifications, as candidate models to represent the relationship between per capita income and environmental pressure. We replicate the cross country analysis also by estimating the regression function directly, through a nonparametric regression. In our analyses, with and without weighing data by population, the results do not show evidence of de-linking.     

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth*

Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth are identified. Included is a discussion of his contributions on: the determinants of differences in speed of adoption of innovations; the use of patents to measure technology; the private and social returns to R&D; and spillover effects from R&D. Griliches's own evaluation of his research contribution is compared to the evaluation of others in the field, using as evidence citation counts of his works collected from the online Web of Science. Griliches's most important contribution is his 1957 Econometrica hybrid corn paper that is a foundation of the economics of technological innovation. Remarkably, the trend in annual citations to the paper has continued to increase for over 40 years. Finally, we summarize Griliches's most recent views on the practice of economics and on the most important unanswered questions in the economics of technology and growth.     

Early contributions to the economics of consumption as a social phenomenon

During the 1920s some American women economists developed theoretical, empirical and historical analyses that constituted a theory of consumption. The original formulations of this approach were based on the view, theorised by T. Veblen, that consuming certain goods makes it possible to identify with specific social groups. These analyses were explicitly alternative to the theories of consumption based on marginal utility. In the 1930s, however, the analyses of a second generation of women economists became exclusively empirical and the theoretical features that made the approach original and an alternative to marginalism were lost.     

依法保护滇西北自然资源

目前生物多样性保护具有非常特殊的地位和价值，而滇西北是中国三大特有物种分化中心及世界200个关键保护地区之一。依法保护这一地区的野生动植物已成为当前环境保护工作的重要内容。野生动植物资源与人类的生存、繁衍息息相关。然而，由于人类盲目追求自身的发展，野生动植物的种类和数量急剧下降，生物资源危机已严重威胁到人类的发展。目前，世界上已有593种鸟类、400多种兽类、209种两栖爬行动物以及20000多种高等植物濒于灭绝。世界各国对野生动植物资源的开发和保护问题越来越关注。在各种保护策略中，制定并执行野生动植物保护政策…     

Conflict inflation: estimating the contributions to wage inflation in Australia during the 1990s

One of the major emerging macroeconomic problems during thepast century has been the tendency for inflation to accelerateunder prolonged periods of full employment. According to Isaacand Kaldor, this arises because the three major objectives ofwage earners often conflict. The first objective is the desireto maintain relativities; the second is the desire to have a‘fair’ share of companies' profits; and the thirdis a reluctance to allow any encroachment on achieved standardsof living owing to unfavourable (exogenous) events. This papertests how well these three objectives explain wage inflationin Australia using a pseudo-panel data based on the period 1989–2000.The authors find that wages are sensitive to the three majorobjectives, but not to occupational unemployment rates.