The signalling role of base and money announcements and their effects on interest rates

This paper demonstrates that unexpected changes in the announced monetary base have an impact on interest rates above and beyond the impact of unexpected changes in the announced money supply. In addition, both money supply and monetary base announcements are shown to have a significant signalling role for subsequent changes in monetary aggregates. However, in contrast to several leading hypotheses, it appears that the observed link between monetary announcements and interest rates is not attributable to the signals that announcements provide about the subsequent behavior of money and the base.     

Permanent budget deficits and inflation

The issue of whether permanent primary budget deficits have to be monetized is re-examined in a simple monetary model, hybrid of the Sidrauski and overlapping-generations frameworks, in which intergenerational effects are generated by the arrival of new infinitely-lived cohorts. The presence of intergenerational effects enlarges, for a given fiscal policy, the set of admissible monetary policies and weakens the need to monetize the deficit. Comparisons between the growth and interest rates are in general insufficient to predict whether increased deficit must be monetized, because of the existence of both bond and money seigniorage Laffer curves.     

Equilibrium implications of interest rate smoothing

We introduce a macro-finance model in which monetary authorities adjust the money supply by targeting not only output and inflation but also the slope of the yield curve. We study the impact of McCallum-type rules on capital growth, the volatility of interest rates, the spread between long- and short-term rates, and the persistence of monetary shocks. Our model supports the Federal Reserve's choice to incorporate financial data in their policy decisions and expand the monetary base to decrease the nominal interest rate spread at the cost of lower expected long-term growth.     

数量规则还是利率规则？——我国转型时期量价混合型货币规则的理论基础

本文对我国货币政策转型时期兼顾数量和价格的货币政策调控实践进行了深入的分析。在货币数量论和货币效用模型的基础上,从理论上阐明了货币数量规则与利率价格规则的等价关系,并构建了符合中国货币政策实践的数量与价格混合型货币政策规则。这对于更好地理解我国货币政策转型时期的量价混合型货币政策操作具有重要的理论和现实意义。相关推论表明,正是由于数量和价格混合型货币规则,在利率低于均衡水平的情形下,中国的货币增速并未引发恶性通胀;修正的物价稳定泰勒原理表明,利率调整幅度小于通胀变化仍能够实现物价稳定。对中国的经验分析支持了理论和推论结果。在利率市场化基本完成和流动性格局逆转的当下,货币政策价格调控方式转型的必要性和迫切性日益上升,转型的条件日趋成熟。     

数量规则还是利率规则？——我国转型时期量价混合型货币规则的理论基础

本文对我国货币政策转型时期兼顾数量和价格的货币政策调控实践进行了深入的分析。在货币数量论和货币效用模型的基础上,从理论上阐明了货币数量规则与利率价格规则的等价关系,并构建了符合中国货币政策实践的数量与价格混合型货币政策规则。这对于更好地理解我国货币政策转型时期的量价混合型货币政策操作具有重要的理论和现实意义。相关推论表明,正是由于数量和价格混合型货币规则,在利率低于均衡水平的情形下,中国的货币增速并未引发恶性通胀;修正的物价稳定泰勒原理表明,利率调整幅度小于通胀变化仍能够实现物价稳定。对中国的经验分析支持了理论和推论结果。在利率市场化基本完成和流动性格局逆转的当下,货币政策价格调控方式转型的必要性和迫切性日益上升,转型的条件日趋成熟。     

货币供应量、利率与银行系统性金融风险——基于CoVaR方法的实证研究

在常态化疫情防控的背景下,商业银行系统性金融风险有上升迹象,这对央行实施货币政策工具和力度的把握提出了更高要求。本文利用条件在险值模型检验了我国货币供应量、利率与银行系统性金融风险的关系。研究结果表明,货币供应量和利率与银行系统性风险之间的关系不是线性的,而是U型的,即存在最优的货币供应量和利率能够使商业银行的系统性金融风险最低。当货币供应量和利率小于这个最优组合时,增加货币供应量和提高利率能够有效降低商业银行的系统性金融风险;而当货币供应量和利率大于这个最优组合时,增加货币供应量和提高利率反而会增加银行系统性金融风险,进而降低商业银行的金融稳定性。     

Inflation,wealth and interest rates in an intertemporal optimizing model

This paper analyzes the relationship between the growth of the money supply and capital accumulation in a monetary optimizing model. Under certain conditions we show that a large intertemporal elasticity of substitution makes the nominal rates of interest undershoot its long-term value, that a low elasticity gives rise to overshooting, while a unitary elasticity is shown to make the nominal rate of interest a constant. These considerations plus explicit attention paid to the income and substitution effects induced by the changes in the nominal rates of interest provide us with an understanding of the correlation between growth of money and capital accumulation.     

Money Market Pressure and the Determinants of Banking Crises

This article develops an index of money market pressure to identify banking crises. We define banking crises as periods in which there is excessive demand for liquidity in the money market. We begin with the theoretical foundation of this new method. With the newly defined crisis episodes, we examine the determinants of banking crises using data complied from 47 countries. We find that slowdown of real GDP, lower real interest rates, extremely high inflation, large fiscal deficits, and over-valued exchange rates tend to precede banking crises. The effects of monetary base growth on the probability of banking crises are negligible.     

Money supply announcements and interest rates: Does monetary policy matter?

Most current explanations of the effect of money supply announcements on the rate of interest center on central bank policy. This paper analyzes a flexible price macroeconomic model where present and future monetary policy have no influence on either interest rates or real output, but monetary data signal information about real economic activity which influences both short- and long-term real rates of interest. The magnitude of the interest rate response is shown to depend on the difference in the income elasticities of currency and deposit demand and the relative size of monetary and real disturbances to the economy.     

外汇市场压力下中国货币政策效果的实证分析

对中国外汇市场压力(Exchange Market Pressure,EMP)、国内货币供给、利率、经济增长之间的相互关系进行分析表明:为应对外汇占款增加而导致的通货膨胀压力,货币当局的货币政策是紧缩性的。但是,紧缩性的货币政策又会引起EMP增大。因此,紧缩的货币政策对通货膨胀的抑制效果只能是短期性的。此外,货币供给对经济增长有显著影响,利率变化对经济增长及资金流动的信号作用已经比较明显。在美国金融危机的背景下,国内通货膨胀压力的基本消除为解决中国长期以来面临的货币政策困境提供了契机。     

Market Response to the Weekly Money Supply Announcements in the 1970s

The hypothesis that the weekly announcement of the money supply affects interest rates is examined. The announcement effect is interpreted as a policy anticipation effect. That is, an unanticipated increase in the money supply leads to an increase in interest rates in anticipation of future tightening by the Federal Reserve. Estimates of this effect with proxies for the unanticipated change constructed from a survey of money supply forecasts and an ARIMA model indicate that: (a) financial markets respond very quickly to the announcement; and (b) the response was largest when policymakers emphasized the importance of the monetary aggregates.     

Quantitative Easing in the 1930s

During the 1934–39 recovery from the U.S. Great Depression, overnight interest rates were usually at a lower bound. Meanwhile, American monetary authorities followed policies related to today's debates on quantitative easing: they tried to stabilize yields on Treasury bonds with open market operations; they created rapid growth in high‐powered money; and they allowed transitory factors to affect high‐powered money. Effects of these policies on bond yields reveal a portfolio effect of short‐duration asset supply on term premiums. This portfolio effect helps explain why high‐powered money growth was associated with recovery of real activity over 1934–39.     

Monetary policy and distribution

A segmented markets model of monetary policy is constructed, in which a novel feature is goods market segmentation, and its relationship to conventional asset market segmentation. The implications of the model for the response of prices, interest rates, consumption, labor supply, and output to monetary policy are determined. As well, optimal monetary policy is studied, as are the costs of inflation. The model features persistent nonneutralities of money, relative price effects of increases in the money supply, persistent liquidity effects, and a negative Fisher effect from a money supply increase. A Friedman rule is in general suboptimal.     

Instrument instability and short-term monetary control

The literature on instrument instability tends support to a policy of smoothing interest rates: it contends that rigid adherence to a monetary rule would bring about explosive interest-rate movements. This contention is examined using a simple model which incorporates rational expectations; the results suggest that instrument instability is associated with interest-rate smoothing rather than with short-term control of the money supply. Furthermore, policy that attempts to stabilize interest rates may itself account for empirical findings which have hitherto been viewed as evidence that instrument instability would occur if the money supply were closely controlled.     

货币政策中介与目标关联性的历史变迁与现实选择

美国以实际利率代替货币供应量作为主要货币政策中介,以经济增长为首要目标,最终为金融危机的爆发提供了温床。欧央行以欧元区核心货币增长(M3)为货币政策中介,以保持币值稳定为首要目标,使得货币政策中介与货币政策目标长期保持高度关联性。我国货币政策中介与目标具有一定关联性,但近年两者关联性逐渐减弱。货币政策研究及实践表明,保持币值稳定应当是今后我国货币政策目标理想选择,当前货币政策适宜选择微调并尽快向稳健货币政策回归,结构调整新要素有利于改善货币政策效力。     

确定情形下的货币、利率与内生经济增长

通过对消费和资本投入施加预付现金约束,在内生经济增长框架（AK模型）下建立了一个封闭的货币经济体,并构建了以利率为核心的分析框架。研究表明,在确定情形下,利率的改变会影响代理人的消费与投资,并进而对价格和经济总体的消费与投资产生影响,货币当局可以通过利率以间接控制货币供给;当货币供给变化时,经济总体的消费与投资等变量也会发生变化,货币不是中性的;通过比较最优利率政策与Friedman法则,发现两者惟一的区别仅在于最初期利率的不同。     

Perverse liquidity effect of monetary policy: some evidence for India

The liquidity effect of money supply increases, as policy-oriented measures, would generally lead to a decline in interest rates. This is the direct effect. However, such money supply increases lead to a sum of the direct effect plus the positive indirect price and income effects. In sum, the net effect may be positive leading to a net increase and not a decrease in the interest rate. The regular money demand function is suitably modified to capture the structural changes of the Indian economy to verify the net effect of monetary policy-induced money supply movements. The empirical evidence indicates the presence of a perverse liquidity effect.     

中国货币政策工具选择研究

本文在普勒规则研究的基础上进行适当扩展,对我国货币政策工具选择问题展开研究。通过研究本文发现:第一,货币政策工具的选择,与经济体所承受的冲击主要来自商品需求层面还是货币需求层面、货币需求主要来自商品市场还是货币市场以及总需求相对名义利率水平的弹性系数相关,而与社会福利损失函数中通货膨胀的厌恶系数、商品市场供给层面的诸变量(包括商品市场供给层面的冲击、商品供给曲线的斜率等)无关;第二,当经济体的所受冲击主要来自商品需求层面、市场货币需求主要来自商品市场、且货币政策对总需求的调节作用效果较小时,则货币当局采用数量型货币政策工具更有利于维护公众的社会福利;反之,则价格型货币政策操作更有利于维护公众的社会福利。     

基础货币被动投放下和率与货币供应量的关系

货币供应量是我国货币政策的中介目标,影响货币供应量的一个关键变量是利率。一般来讲,利率与一国的货币供应量为反相关关系,但这一关系在我国基础货币被动投放的情况下需要重新考量。鉴于我国处在利率市场化的过渡时期,管制利率与正在培养中的市场基准利率Shibor并存,应该通过Shibor作为中间变量来分析央行调控管制利率对货币供应量的影响。     

货币政策对我国投资水平影响的实证分析

投资是整个宏观经济体系运转过程中非常重要的一个环节,而货币政策对投资水平的作用是一个受到广泛关注的问题。理论界普遍的共识是,至少在短期内货币政策还是能对一国投资总水平产生影响。本文运用VAR模型、IRF检验及格兰杰因果关系检验,对我国货币政策与投资水平的关系进行了实证分析。结果显示,包括货币供给量、利率、汇率等在内的货币政策工具对总投资水平都会产生影响,相比较而言,货币供给量和利率的影响更大,持续时间更长。基于此,本文提出了通过适当减少货币供给量、调整利率和放开汇率等途径来提高投资水平的政策建议。