基尼系数和中等收入群体比重的关联性分析

基尼系数是测量和判断收入分配状况最常用的综合指标之一,而中等收入群体比重则是判断社会稳定与否的重要标志。本文通过重新定义低、中、高三类收入群体以及采用多项式函数形式拟合洛伦兹曲线,建立基尼系数和中等收入群体比重之间的数量对应关系。实证分析表明:基尼系数和中等收入比重之间存在负向相关关系。2001年中国的基尼系数约为0．44,相应的中等收入群体比重大致在44%左右。     

A micro-macro linkage in the measurement of inequality: Another look at the Gini coefficient

The aim of this paper is to help readers understand the significance of the Gini coefficient. We have two major formulae for the Gini coefficient. One of the formulae bases on the idea of aggregation of the microscopic differences between individuals' incomes or wealth. The idea that underlies the other formula is macroscopic presentation of distribution or concentration of income or wealth. We will show an unabridged proof of the equivalence between these formulae to examine how the two conceptions of the measurement of inequality are linked to each other.     

On the suitability of income inequality measures for regional analysis: Some evidence from simulation analysis and bootstrapping tests

The paper looks at the sensitivity of commonly used income inequality measures to changes in the ranking, size and number of regions into which a country is divided. During the analysis, several test distributions of populations and incomes are compared with a ‘reference’ distribution, characterized by an even distribution of population across regional subdivisions. Random permutation tests are also run to determine whether inequality measures commonly used in regional analysis produce meaningful estimates when applied to regions of different population size. The results show that only the population weighted coefficient of variation (Williamson’s index) and population-weighted Gini coefficient may be considered sufficiently reliable inequality measures, when applied to countries with a small number of regions and with varying population sizes.     

各地区居民收入基尼系数计算及其非参数计量模型分析

本文利用非等分组基尼系数公式,首次较为完整地计算出全国21个省、市以及自治区的1995~2004年城镇居民、农村居民和城乡居民基尼系数。在这一基础上,利用非参数计量经济模型中的分布密度函数估计方法,分析了1995~2004年各地区城镇、农村和城乡居民基尼系数变化特征。以居民平均收入水平与城乡居民收入平均基尼系数对各地区进行判别分析,发现以收入水平与分配公平程度为标准的判定基本上同我国东中西三大地区的划分一致。     

一种离散型收入分布基尼系数精确计算方法

基尼系数问世八十多年的时间里,在度量经济不平等的基尼系数指标时,最常见的是离散型收入分布,本文设计了一种离散型收入分布基尼系数计算方法,用它可以精确地求解基尼系数。     

居民收入省际差距合理性的多维实证分析

从形式合理性与实质合理性、经济合理性与社会合理性多维度综合考察地区之间居民收入差距,以基尼系数和高低收入指数为基础,引入二元离散系数比值和收入效率错配度两项指标,构建了衡量和判别地区之间居民收入差距合理性的综合计量模型,并利用中国31个省份2005~2013年的统计数据进行了实证分析。结果表明,二元离散系数比值逐年扩大,收入效率错配度历年都在80%以上,省际居民收入差距质态基本不合理,收入效率错配较之于收入差距过大问题的性质要严重得多;省际分配管控制度缺位,均衡调节失当,是导致省际居民收入差距与经济差距常现背道而驰的根本原因。优化省域间居民收入差距的着重点并非进一步缩小基尼系数,而是解决收入效率严重错配和高低收入差距过大问题。     

基于曲率为结构权重的对基尼系数几何算法的改进

本文在原始基尼系数几何算法的基础上,考虑结构这一重要因素,以洛伦兹曲线的平均曲率作为面积的权重,计算得出较为合理的、更加全面的基尼系数的数值,并以2009年我国城镇和农村实际收入状况为例,通过曲率的相应变化特点,分析结构因素对我国收入分配差距的影响及其原因。     

DOES GOVERNMENT SPENDING AFFECT INCOME INEQUALITY? A META-REGRESSION ANALYSIS

In this paper findings of a meta-regression analysis are presented exploring the effects of government spending on income inequality, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries. We identify a total of 84 separate studies containing over 900 estimates of the effect of one or more measures of spending on one or more measures of income inequality. The results show some evidence of a moderate negative relationship between government spending and income inequality, which is strongest for social welfare and other social spending, and when using the Gini coefficient or the top income share as the measure of inequality. However, both the size and direction of the estimated relationship between government spending and income inequality is affected by a range of other factors, including the control variables and estimation method used. We also find evidence of publication bias, in that negative estimates of the relationship appear to be under-reported in the literature.     

Extremal properties of the Theil and Gini measures of inequality

Quality & Quantity - Two popular inequality measures used in the study of income and wealth distributions are the Gini (G) and Theil (T) indices. Several bounds on these inequality measures are...     

The Effect of Income Distribution on the Ability of Growth to Reduce Poverty: Evidence from Rural and Urban African Economies

The present study examines the extent to which income distribution affects the ability of economic growth to reduce poverty, based on 1990s data for a sample of rural and urban sectors of African economies. Using the basic‐needs approach, an analysis‐of‐covariance model is derived and estimated, with the headcount, gap, and squared gap poverty ratios serving as the respective dependent variables, and the Gini coefficient and PPP‐adjusted incomes as explanatory variables. The study finds that the responsiveness of poverty to income growth is a decreasing function of inequality, albeit at varying rates for the three poverty measures: lowest for the headcount, followed by the gap and fastest for the squared gap. The ranges for the income elasticity in the sample are estimated at: 0.02–0.68, 0.11–1.05, and 0.10–1.35, respectively, for these poverty measures. Furthermore while, on average, the responsiveness of poverty to income growth appears to be the same between the rural and urban sectors, there are substantial sectoral differences across countries. The results suggest the need for country‐specific emphases on growth relative to inequality.     

论中国社会分配领域的收入差距问题

改革开放以来,中国的经济获得了前所未有的发展,人民的生活水平日益提高。但是,在高速发展的经济下,中国当前社会分配领域的收入的差距也越来越大,出现了贫富分化的趋势,中国的基尼系数近些年来一直在0.4之上。文中分析了中国社会分配领域收入差距的现状,及中国收入差距产生的原因;认为处理中国社会分配领域的收入差距问题,既要考虑市场经济的分配原则,也要考虑社会主义的分配原则,不断完善中国的分配制度和再分配制度。     

城市居民财产性收入与贫富差距的实证分析

利用1988～2009年国家统计局全国入户调查数据,本文研究了我国城市居民财产性收入的规模、组成、变化以及其对收入差距的贡献。采用基尼系数的分解方法,将每年的收入差距分解到各个收入成分的贡献,并发现与其他收入形式相比,财产性收入分布的基尼系数是最高的,对总收入差距的贡献也在迅速扩大,这一现象值得重视。本文还分别对东、中、西部地区进行了分析,发现财产性收入主要集中在东部地区。     

Does corruption affect income inequality and poverty?

This paper provides evidence that high and rising corruption increases income inequality and poverty. An increase of one standard deviation in corruption increases the Gini coefficient of income inequality by about 11 points and income growth of the poor by about 5 percentage points per year. These findings are robust to use of different instruments for corruption and other sensitivity analyses. The paper discusses several channels through which corruption may affect income inequality and poverty. An important implication of these findings is that policies that reduce corruption will most likely reduce income inequality and poverty as well. Received: March 2, 2000 / Accepted: September 20, 2001     

对我国贫富差距的分析与研究

改革开放以来,我国的国民经济持续快速健康发展,人民生活水平也有了显著的提高;但是贫富差距不断扩大,两级分化越来越严重。本文从城乡居民收入、区域间的农民收入和基尼系数等一系列数据入手,分析了我国贫富差距的现状,对如何减少贫富差距提出了建议。     

税收累进性测度的改进：方法、比较和应用

提出判断税收累进性的边际效应方法：当总收入基尼系数的税收边际效应大于0时,该税收具有累进性特征;并将税收边际效应作为测度指数。边际效应指数与K指数具有完全相同的符号,不同税种具有可加性,它比K指数更为稳健,且赋予了税收累进性新的经济含义：税收对总收入基尼系数贡献率大于平均税率。同时还着重讨论几种测度税收累进性指数的关系,对各种测度指数进行了实证,发现S指数存在一定程度的缺陷。     

Mathematical models describing the effects of different tax evasion behaviors

Microscopic models describing a whole of economic interactions in a closed society are considered. The presence of a tax system combined with a redistribution process is taken into account, as well as the occurrence of tax evasion. In particular, the existence is postulated, in relation to the level of evasion, of different individual taxpayer behaviors. The effects of the mentioned different behaviors on shape and features of the emerging income distribution profile are investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. Numerical solutions show that the Gini inequality index of the total population increases when the evasion level is higher, but does not depend significantly on the evasion spread. For fixed spread, the relative difference between the average incomes of the worst evaders and honest taxpayers increases approximately as a quadratic function of the evasion level.     

De ontwikkeling van de inkomensongelijkheid gemeten volgens informatietheoretische maatstaven

Summary Some years ago Theil introduced new inequality measures, originating from information theory. He applied them 8.0. to income distributions in the United States. This inequality coefficient is - in contrast to Pareto's constant - based on the whole income distribution. Moreover, the inequality can be disaggregated into inequalities for groups of population. The numerical value of the inequality depends on the chosen class intervals; this may be inconvenient when making comparisons between countries, between different periods and the like. Hence we suggest an appropriate standardizing procedure. The inequality of income distributions has been calculated for the period 1950–1964 and a cornparison is made with Pmm's constant. The investigation relates to three groups of population: wage earners, self employed and others. A remark is made about between-province inequalities.     

Who Gains from the Demographic Dividend? Forecasting Income by Age

Changes in the population age structure are known to influence the total income per person, but little is known about whether the changes are equally shared across the population or are concentrated on particular age groups and/or birth cohorts. The answer to this question has potentially important implications for income inequality, human capital investment, and fertility decision-making. We propose a new model of intergenerational transfers which distinguishes between the effects of changes in population structure and the effects of changes in family age structure. Using age-specific data from annual income and expenditure surveys of Taiwan between 1978 and 1998, we show that changes in age structure have had a very favorable effect on Taiwan's income growth. The gains are not equally shared by all age groups, however. Children and young adults have benefited the most, while the elderly have benefited the least. The population and family age structures have independent effects on per capita income; the effect of the population age structure is most important. Generational differences in per capita income are closely related to intergenerational differences in earnings, suggesting only a weak form of altruism. Finally, we predict that, on average, population aging will adversely influence the per capita income growth in Taiwan in the coming decades.     

我国通货膨胀的收入分配效应分析

从理论和经验上研究了我国通货膨胀的收入分配效应。根据我国经济社会特征,通货膨胀具有调节城乡之间、不同体制企业之间和不同地区之间的收入差距的效应。对代表收入差距的基尼系数去趋势后的实证分析表明,通货膨胀可部分解释基尼系数的波动成分,其趋势成分由经济增长等因素决定。     

A supply-demand model of public sector size

We develop a supply-demand model for the public sector with a political equilibrium. The model considers the inefficiencies caused by taxes and includes costs associated with the provision of public goods to consumers. We show that the size of the public sector may depend on the median voter's income, population size, costs associated with paying tax, and quality of institutions, all of which reflect the costs of provisioning public goods. The estimates for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries are compatible with theoretical predictions; however, they do not confirm Wagner's law, which holds that the public sector share does not grow with an increase in income. A greater dependency ratio and the Gini coefficient increase demand for redistribution policies. Greater government effectiveness is a supply-side factor that increases the public sector's share in an economy.