关于我国农村社会养老保险制度变迁的探讨

我国农村社会养老保险制度大致经过了两次变迁,两次变迁对于我国的社会养老保险制度的完善发展产生了极大的影响,也提供了宝贵的经验教训。为此,本文主要从我国农村社会养老保险制度变迁历程及其变迁原因出发,并为促进我国新农保的发展提出了相应的措施建议。     

补充养老保险的财税制度变迁及相关探讨

企业补充养老保险,又称企业年金,属于我国三大层次的养老保险体系中第二层次,它指企业及其职工在依法参加基本养老保险的基础上,自愿建立的补充养老保险制度,是多层次养老保险体系的组成部分,是员工福利的重要体现。我国从1991年就提出建立企业补充养老保险计划,但在长达十几年的时间内发展相当缓慢,原因之一就是：我国对补充养老保险（企业年金）的财税优惠政策始终未能够得到有效确立,     

中国农村社会养老保险制度变迁与政策评价

“十二五”规划纲要中明确提出要健全覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系,着实实现新型农村社会养老保险制度全覆盖也随即提上了发展El程。本文通过对我国农村社会养老保险制度的发展脉络进行解读,从制度变迁的视角对这一政策进行评价,分析政策遭遇困境的原因,重点分析新型农村社会养老保险制度存在的缺陷。     

论中国养老保险制度的持续发展路径——与韩国养老保险制度比较

养老保险制度的持续发展是中国当前养老保险制度建设的首要诉求。养老保险制度持续发展的根本动力是建立起合适的制度设计。通过中韩两国养老保险制度的发展过程和制度设计方面的比较,深入探讨韩国的养老保险制度对中国的经验和启示,并提出一些有利于中国养老保险制度持续发展的措施。     

QFII制度的市场影响与证券市场制度变迁

QFII制度在中国台湾的推行实践证明，QFII制度促进了中国台湾的征券市场发展，取得了显著的成效，实现了其阶段性发展目标。中国大陆推行QFII制度，也必将使证券市场发生深刻变化，对证券市场的发展具有多方面的积极意义.     

对完善我国养老保险制度的思考

我国现行的养老保险制度，存在着养老保险覆盖面小，基金征收缺乏强制性，社会监督机制不健全等弊端，亟须进一步完善。其实破口是制定行之有效的具有较强针对性的财税政策，扩大覆盖面，加强养老保险资金的筹集工作。     

Design of employee pension benefits model and China's pension gender gap

The pension gender gap is a universal concern, and policymakers worldwide strive to address the factors leading to gender inequality. This study examines the pension gender gap problem and its causes and effects in China, conducting micro-empirical simulations on China's employee pension benefits model. We propose solutions to this gender inequality and suggest an intra-family pension benefits transfer for women in a family framework. For family units headed by a single woman, we recommend enhanced tax-deductible contributions by prior employers to strengthen the equality of pensions between genders throughout retirement. This additional support and enhancement of female pensions can effectively narrow the pension gap between male and female beneficiaries while maintaining the system's long-term sustainability. More importantly, these proposed enhancements minimize acute poverty while improving the living standards of female pensioners.     

Pricing pension buy-outs under stochastic interest and mortality rates

Pension buy-out is a special financial asset issued to offload the pension liabilities holistically in exchange for an upfront premium. In this paper, we concentrate on the pricing of pension buy-outs under dependence between interest and mortality rates risks with an explicit correlation structure in a continuous time framework. Change of measure technique is invoked to simplify the valuation. We also present how to obtain the buy-out price for a hypothetical benefit pension scheme using stochastic models to govern the dynamics of interest and mortality rates. Besides employing a non-mean reverting specification of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and a continuous version of Lee–Carter setting for modeling mortality rates, we prefer Vasicek and Cox–Ingersoll–Ross models for short rates. We provide numerical results under various scenarios along with the confidence intervals using Monte Carlo simulations.     

Modelling the pension system

This paper argues that pensions modelling should be a parsimonious process using different methodologies for different purposes. A range of methodologies exists and is being extensively used in different countries and quarters. Very simple aggregate accounting models can yield robust results as for the sustainability of pension systems, an issue that worries most analysts and governments. While more sophisticated formally derived models have the advantage of yielding results that take into account general equilibrium effects, ad hoc models have the advantage of being better able to cope with the fine structure of pensions programmes and formulae. Focusing on the Spanish pension system to illustrate the output of an ad hoc model, several applications are briefly presented: sustainability indicators up to the horizon 2050, effects of increased migratory flows and an evaluation of recent pension reform legislation. Some attention is paid to the fact that societal issues and behaviours are intertwined with pensions in a way difficult to be captured by standard modelling methodologies.     

Assessing the welfare change from a pension reform

We study the welfare implications of a hypothetical reform of the Swedish public pension system where eligibility to pension benefits is delayed by 3 years. Using an option value model, we consider the labor supply responses to the reform and develop a compensating variation (CV) measure to analytically assess the individual welfare changes in a random utility framework. We find that a purely budgetary calculation (neglecting individual labor supply responses) overestimates the welfare loss by more than 65%. We also develop a method for testing between a binary and a multinomial option value model, where the binary one is nested in the multinomial model in a Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) model framework. The binary model cannot be rejected.     

Conflicts of interest and China's A-share underpricing

The extremely high A-share underpricing in China's primary market provides us with a very interesting area of empirical research. Previous studies on China's IPO underpricing have been suggestive, but inconclusive. A significant decline in A-share underpricing is found in 2003 relative to previous years (and much less than that recorded in the literature to date). We examine the validity of previous A-share underpricing models, reported in the literature, and find a statistically significant structural break in the data during 2003 when these models are specified. We further explore conflicts of interest in the Chinese IPO market and specify an alternative model to further examine this change in observed market behavior. Our results suggest that a contract with high underwriter's fee leads to less A-share underpricing. Our results also suggest that the asymmetric information hypothesis does not apply in the Chinese IPO market in 2003. Overpricing by the secondary market and the trading activity on the first trading day are the main functions of the A-share underpricing. This study has important implications such as guiding the Chinese government policy regarding the regulations of initial public offering.     

我国农村商业养老保险存在的问题与对策探析——基于完善社会保障体系的视角

本文分析表明,相对于整个农村社会养老保障体系而言,我国农村商业养老保险存在发展滞后的问题,其原因主要是政府部门的相关政策力度不够、保险公司的供给乏力和农民的有效需求不足。因此,本文提出了四个方面的政策建议,以增强保险公司的农村养老保险供给和农民养老保险需求的激励,推动农村商业养老保险的进一步发展。     

Assessing the effects of unconventional monetary policy and low interest rates on pension fund risk incentives

This study quantifies the effects of persistently low interest rates near to the zero lower bound and unconventional monetary policy on pension fund risk incentives in the United States. Using two structural vector autoregressive (VAR) models and a counterfactual scenario analysis, the results show that monetary policy shocks, as identified by changes in Treasury yields following changes in the central bank's target interest rates, lead to a substantial increase in pension funds’ allocation to equity assets. Notably, the shift from bonds to equity securities is greater during the period where the US Federal Reserve launched unconventional monetary policy measures. Additional findings show a positive correlation between pension fund risk-taking, low interest rates and the decline in Treasury yields across both well-funded and underfunded public pension plans, which is thus consistent with a structural risk-shifting incentive.     

QFII制度对中国证券市场的影响

2002年12月1日,我国正式施行QFII制度,这一制度是在货币没有实现完全可自由兑换、资本项目尚未开放的情况下,有限度地引进外资、开放资本市场的一项过渡性制度。适时地引入QFII制度,是加入世界贸易组织后我国证券市场逐步开放的现实选择。它给中国证券市场带来正反两方面的影响,对此我们要有清醒的认识,并积极应对。     

推进债券市场与养老金制度体系改革

今年“两会”期间，全国政协委员、中央汇金投资公司副总经理赵海英在接受《国际融资》杂志记者专访时表示，要利用中国资本市场中长期利好的发展趋势，推进债券市场改革，抓紧完善养老金制度体系。     

The effect of pension accounting on corporate pension asset allocation

We examine the impact of new pension disclosures and subsequent full pension recognition under FRS 17 and IAS 19 in the United Kingdom and SFAS 158 in the United States on pension asset allocation. These standards require recognition of net pension surplus/deficit on the balance sheet and actuarial gains/losses in other comprehensive income. Therefore, these standards introduce volatility into comprehensive income and balance sheets. We identify a disclosure period during which UK companies disclosed all the required data under FRS 17 in the notes without recognition. We also identify a full recognition period starting 1 year before until 1 year after the adoption of FRS 17/IAS 19 (UK) and SFAS 158 (US). We predict and find that UK companies, on average, shifted pension assets from equity to debt securities during both the disclosure and the full recognition periods. We also find that while before the adoption of SFAS 158 US companies maintained a stable allocation to equities and bonds, these companies, on average, shifted funds from equities to bonds around the adoption of SFAS 158. Cross-sectional analysis shows that the shift away from equities is related to changes in funding levels, shorter investment horizons, increased financial leverage, and the expected impact of the new standards on shareholders’ equity.