碳中和背景下中国能源中短期预测研究

2020年9月,中国政府在第75届联合国大会上提出碳达峰和碳中和目标."2060年实现碳中和"愿景将对中国能源结构转型产生深刻影响.运用CHINAGEM模型,针对当前政策情景(基准情景)和碳中和情景(政策情景)进行模拟分析,预测分析了2020—2040年中国能源发展状况,包括一次能源消费总量及其构成、终端能源消费量及其构成和发电量及其构成.基于分析结果,提出了实现碳中和总目标下,中短期内各项宏观指标的阶段性目标.     

油气企业如何向绿色低碳高质量发展转型

<正>绿色低碳发展的理念在全球范围内已形成共识,已有130多个国家和地区明确提出碳中和的目标,采用碳关税、碳排放权交易等措施控制碳排放总量,引导投资向绿色低碳产业发展。作为最大的发展中国家,我国积极应对气候变化,主动承担责任,从高质量发展的要求出发,提出了2030年前碳达峰、力争2060年实现碳中和的目标。我国既是能源生产大国,又是能源消费大国,还是碳排放大国。据国际能源组织（IEA）统计,2021年世界二氧化碳排放总量363亿吨,我国排放总量为119亿吨,占比33%。     

面向碳中和目标的不同碳达峰时间对经济社会的影响研究——以广东省为例

中国提出了2030年前碳达峰、2060年前碳中和的“双碳”目标,对全社会经济发展、能源消费、环境保护都是一场深刻的变革。论文通过构建广东省ICEEH(integrated assessment model of climate, economic, and environment and health)模型,设置不同的达峰时间情景,综合考虑广东省“双碳”目标对宏观经济的影响。结果表明,2025年提前达峰情景和2030年如期达峰情景相比2035年推迟达峰情景,碳排放峰值分别低2 000万～4 000万吨。对于部门来说,农业和工业部门的碳达峰时间基本与广东全省的碳达峰时间保持一致,而建筑和交通领域的碳达峰分别在2040年和2025年前后出现。从社会影响来看,提前达峰可以促进第三产业的就业人数增加。推迟达峰情景到2045年后减排难度更大,减排成本更高,提前达峰情景和如期达峰情景到2060年GDP总量比推迟达峰情景高1 220亿～4 386亿元。     

中国提前碳达峰情景及其宏观经济影响

第75届联合国大会上中国提出了2030年前碳达峰、2060年前碳中和的目标,引领了全球应对气候变化的进程,引起了国内外的广泛关注和热评。因此,对强化的提前碳达峰目标的实现路径及其宏观经济影响研究,具有重要的现实意义和学术价值。本文采用动态可计算一般均衡模型TECGE定量分析了强化碳达峰承诺对我国未来宏观经济的影响。设定了四个情景包括2030、2027、2025和2023年碳达峰,峰值分别为108亿吨、107亿吨、105.8亿吨和103.6亿吨,考察提前碳达峰情景与2030年碳达峰情景相比对宏观经济的影响。研究表明,提前碳达峰情景相比2030年基准情景,越早碳达峰,要求碳税价格越高,GDP和其他宏观经济变量如总消费、总进出口等都有所下降,但是第三产业占比有所上升。越早碳达峰,宏观经济变量下降越多,第三产业占比上升得越多。根据CGE模型对宏观经济影响的定量分析,本文为提前实现碳达峰目标、推进经济高质量发展提出了相关的政策建议。     

中国·沿海(京沪)氢能高速公路示范区发展战略研究

受国际石油价格过高等多种因素影响,我国物流成本远高于发达国家。经济高速发展使我国东部沿海地区的物流成本又远高于全国平均水平,约占当地GDP的21%—23%。用氢做车用燃料,是目前全球解决石化能源和减排温室气体的重要途径。对于中国这样一个发展中国家,规模化利用氢能、发展氢能高速公路必须转变观念,将引进的国外氢能利用先进理念与中国国情相结合,效益优先,走出一条中国特色的氢能多元化利用之路。本文结合国家"973"风电项目(2007CB210300)和江苏省攀登计划项目(SBK201110003)的风电制氢研究成果,特指规模化利用沿海大量的风电电解水制氢和风/煤制天然气(WHNG)系统,生产的风/氢(WH2)燃料电池汽车、风/氢(WH2)内燃机汽车、风/氢/天然气(WHNG)汽车等技术,探索建设具有中国特色、高效多元化发展的风/氢能高速公路,运输物流燃料费(相对于汽油成本)用显著下降,其中风/氢(WH2)内燃机汽车、风/天然气(WHNG)汽车燃料费降低35%—55%,大幅度降低我国东部沿海交通运输物流成本,提高区域国际经济竞争力,为转变发展方式和调整经济结构提供重要抓手。     

碳中和进程中的中国经济高质量增长

目前中国拥有全球最庞大的能源系统,化石能源占比为84%,碳中和目标要求2030年实现碳达峰和2060年实现净零碳排放,届时能源结构中非化石能源占比将达80%以上。本文从中国现实国情出发,对2030年的碳达峰情景进行了分析。一般将碳中和简单理解为能源结构调整,分析结果表明：2030年碳达峰的峰值既取决于清洁能源发展,也取决于能源电力需求增长,需要通过平衡清洁能源发展速度与能源需求增长速度以控制碳排放峰值。碳中和背景下的经济高质量增长要求实现“双脱钩”:经济增长需要尽可能与化石能源消费和能源电力需求增长脱钩。为此,本文提出了一个涵盖供给侧和需求侧的碳中和系统性方案,并进一步讨论了可行的市场化手段以支持方案的实施。保障能源(电力)安全稳定供应是经济清洁低碳转型的基本原则,也是能源系统转型的主要挑战,因此需要先立后破,找到一条符合中国国情的煤电退役和低碳转型之路。     

晋陕蒙宁地区碳减排系统动力学模型设计与预测研究

在2030年前碳达峰2060年前碳中和背景下,构建了包含经济、环境、能源三个子系统的碳排放动力学模型。验证模型有效性之后,进行系统模拟情景仿真,结果显示：既定情景下,单因素产业结构、科技投入与能源结构调整都能够有效促进碳减排,其中单因素能源结构调整减排效果最好;调控产业结构和科技投入的减排效果弱于同时调控能源结构和科技投入;综合调控下,符合设置模拟情景条件时可以完成2030年碳强度目标。最后为晋陕蒙宁地区提出了三个碳减排建议：一是提高传统能源效率,倡导低排放能源;二是第二产业转型提质,加大低碳科技投入;三是区域协作综合统筹,优势互补要素畅通。     

“双碳”背景下长三角地区碳排放情景模拟研究北大核心

长三角地区是中国经济发展的引擎之一,碳排放量位居中国前列,合理模拟长三角地区碳排放量,有助于中国碳减排目标的实现。基于改进的IPAT模型,模拟了2015—2060年长三角地区碳排放量,结果表明:基准情景下,上海、江苏、浙江和长三角地区的碳排放分别在2020年、2025年、2030年和2025年达到峰值,碳排放量分别为166.430百万吨、1 034.391百万吨、457.954百万吨和1 650.570百万吨;低碳情景下,碳排放均在2020年达到峰值;高碳情景下,仅上海在2030年达到峰值,江苏、浙江和长三角地区碳排放均无法在2030年达到峰值。长三角地区作为优化开发区,应以基准情景作为发展的下限,以低碳情景作为发展的上限,确保社会经济平稳健康可持续发展。同时,根据长三角地区各省市现状,提出了低碳发展策略,以期为长三角地区低碳发展,顺利实现碳中和,提供决策参考。     

京津冀地区钢铁行业节能和CO_2减排的技术路径

京津冀地区聚集了中国近1/3的钢铁产能。钢铁行业为该地区的经济发展做出了很大贡献,但是也面临着节能和CO_2减排的巨大压力。建立自下而上的综合优化模型,以钢铁行业国家鼓励推广的44项节能技术为基础,在京津冀地区钢铁行业发展目标约束下,优化技术发展路径。研究表明,高温高压干熄焦技术等25项投资成本较低、节能量大的技术将会被广泛采用。在2015—2025年期间内,与基准情景相比,减排情景和碳税情景下的累计节能潜力分别为1 550万吨标准煤和2 549万吨标准煤,累计CO_2减排潜力分别为4 029万吨和6 629万吨;三种情景下的CO_2减排成本分别为7 931.2亿元、8 021.3亿元和10 217.5亿元。与减排情景相比,在碳税情景下,减排成本增加27.38%,但CO_2减排潜力将进一步提高64.5%。因此,采用成本低、节能量大的技术和征收一定的CO_2排放税能够有效地促进CO_2减排。     

氢能产业发展步稳蹄疾 访国家电投集团首席科学家柴茂荣

<正>当前,全球范围正兴起氢能发展热潮,我国也将氢能产业视为未来国家能源体系的重要组成部分。在“双碳”目标引领下,构建以氢能等可再生能源为主的多元化能源体系,既能有效缓解我国面临的能源安全、环境保护和气候治理等多重压力,又能培育新的经济增长点。如何推进氢能“制储输用”全链条发展？氢能在燃料电池汽车的应用前景如何？围绕这些问题,《经济》杂志记者专访了国家电投集团首席科学家柴茂荣。     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。