双轨制度下中国农户粮食供给反应分析

粮食的定购价格和数量是否影响粮食供给 ,学术界对此存在着相互对立的观点。本项研究试图从理论和实证两个方面对此问题做进一步分析 ,本文利用边际理论、局部调整模型和价格预期理论建立了双轨制度下三种不同的供给反应模型。实证分析表明 ,定购数量和定购价格都对粮食产出产生显著影响 ,推进粮食购销市场化改革是充分发挥各地比较优势的重要条件。     

ADAPTATION OF DETAILED INPUT-OUTPUT INFORMATION: RESTRUCTURING AND AGGREGATION

This article deals with problems of construction of "square" input-output tables from detailed commodity and industry data and operationalization of the tables for use in econometric modeling. The adaptation procedure suggested is quite new and involves perfect and imperfect aggregation, and suppression of insignificant cells of the tables.
Using slight modifications of well-known input-output methods (to make definitions conform to general concepts of network flow theory) it is shown that the construction and aggregation of tables, as well as the suppression of minor cells, can be viewed as still higher levels of the very same process: the search for a manageable model with roughly the same abstract properties as the original detailed, but overwhelmingly large, model.
Simultaneously a consistent input-output terminology is suggested with fewer symbols and more rules than usual.
The adaptation procedure has been applied successfully to the 1982 version of ADAM, the macroeconometric model operated by Danmarks Statistik (the Danish Central Bureau of Statistics).     

技术壁垒对出口产品价格梯度影响的模型构建与实证分析

技术壁垒一旦形成并且实施,壁垒对进口产品就产生了明显的数量控制机制和价格控制机制的双重作用.即它既具有配额的数量控制作用,又形成了一种特殊的价格调节作用,其作用类似于关税但有其特殊性,是一种复合机制.本文研究分析了技术壁垒引致出口产品价格变化的空间梯度场模型,并根据模型实证分析了技术壁垒对我国出口产品价格梯度的影响,提出了积极应对这种技术壁垒,提高我国出口产品国际竞争力的措施.     

西宁市开发区企业的供应销售物流网络结构特征

借助Ucinet社会网络分析工具,构建企业供应销售两类网络,尝试分析内陆高原城市开发区供应销售物流网络的结构特征。研究表明:①供应物流网络在国内呈"U"型结构,即东西部强,中部弱;国际上供应商较少。供应货物流动结构呈地方化、非全球化的特征,表现出显著的地方资源导向。②销售物流网络格局跟供应物流网络大致相似,国内总体也呈"U"型结构;国际上呈现全球化销售较弱。销售货物流动结构呈地方化、弱全球化的特征,表现出企业主要服务青海省内需求的基本特征,同时也表现出东部化、全球化的趋势。③医药卫生、轻工食品及服装纺织行业,产业链完整,可提升地区产业结构;冶金矿产、石油化工及机械电子电工行业,在产业链中处于中游阶段,对产业升级影响较弱;交通运输行业,在产业链中处于下游阶段,一定程度上能促进产业结构的优化升级以及经济发展方式的转变。     

A Stackelberg strategy for routing flow over time

Routing games are studied to understand the impact of individual users' decisions on network efficiency. Most prior work on efficiency in routing games uses a simplified model where all flows exist simultaneously, and users care about either their maximum delay or their total delay. Both these measures are surrogates for measuring how long it takes to get all of a user's traffic through the network. We attempt a more direct study of network efficiency by examining routing games in a flow over time model. Flows over time are commonly used in transportation research. We show that in this model, by reducing network capacity judiciously, the network owner can ensure that the equilibrium is no worse than a small constant times the optimal in the original network, for two natural measures of optimality. These are the first upper bounds on the price of anarchy in this model for general networks.     

On inferring individual behaviour from market behaviour in a predetermined quantities model

This article develops the theoretical basis of individual behaviour recovered from market behaviour in a predetermined quantities model. As applied economists argue, an inverse demand system may be empirically sound within the framework of classical demand theory. However, it should not lead to the conclusion that the market responses for changes in quantity should be used to see welfare effects instead of the individual responses by price changes as far as the market is concerned. It shows theoretically and empirically how individual responses can be recovered from market responses in a predetermined quantities model. It suggests that the fundamental results of this article should be used on interpreting empirical results from the predetermined quantities models.     

THE INTEGRATION OF A SYSTEM OF PRICE AND QUANTITY STATISTICS WITH DATA ON RELATED VARIABLES

This paper has two main points. First, the usefulness of the industry detail called for in the SNA would be increased if it were altered to facilitate the construction of price and quantity aggregates classified by stage-of-process sectors. Second, the price and quantity data so arranged should be augmented by data on behaviorally related variables classified the same way. The feasibility of the stage-of-process approach is demonstrated by a table showing the high degree to which the U.S. input-output table for 1967 can be triangularized. The analytical usefulness of the approach is demonstrated through analysis of changes in prices, output, unfilled orders and finished goods inventories for primary and for finished goods manufacturers.     

投入产出分析在制药企业生态工程中的应用

本文运用投入产出理论与方法,对工业企业生态系统的投入产出进行了分析,界定了工业企业生态工程的投入产出,给出与投入产出有关概念的量化定义。工业企业生态工程作为一个投入产出系统,不仅仅是传统意义上的投入产出,它不仅包括经济投入与经济产出,还包括生态投入与生态产出。在工业企业生态系统中,各部门、各分厂及车间的生产过程不是孤立和封闭的,而是通过物质流、能量流、信息流和价值流相互联系的,并支撑其投入产出结构,根据这一原理,我们构建了工业企业生态系统基于物质流的投入产出表。在调查分析的基础上,我们结合RH制药企业构建了生态投入产出模型,填制了其投入产出表,测算了其消耗系数,为企业进一步推进生态工程提供依据。     

PRICE ANALYSIS AND A SYSTEM OF PRICE STATISTICS

For some considerable time the interest in price statistics has mainly been focused on their use as "intermediate goods". The requirements of a system of price index numbers which have to be established in this connection are largely in the field of statistical coordination (integration of statistics on quantities, values and prices).
Recently the inflation problem has given rise to an increased interest in price statistics as "final goods". A meaningful analysis of inflation will devote attention to the relation between input prices and output prices. In this article several versions of an analysis of prices of final demand categories based on an ordinary Leontief input-output scheme are presented and the needs for price statistics are discussed. In fact a self-contained system of price statistics emerges from the price analysis.
There is a difference in the nature of the price index numbers required in compiling input-output tables in constant prices (Paasche) and that in the case of price analysis (Laspeyres). However the need for price observation runs largely parallel because in both cases the same detailed information on price developments will probably be used.
Price analysis gives the possibility of a step-by-step approach in building up a system of price index numbers.     

用投入产出模型分析旅游对上海经济的影响

利用2002年上海市统计年鉴和投入产出表(1997年度.价值型)数据,用投入产出模型分析旅游对经济产出和收入的直接和乘数影响,计算出旅游产出乘数为2.8876,旅游收入乘数为0.6497,旅游消费引起产出增长的乘数效应主要集中在企业服务业、化学工业、商业、饮食业、旅客运输业等行业,然后将旅游乘数与已有研究的香港、新家坡、秦皇岛、天津市旅游乘数进行了比较,最后讨论了投入产出法和卫星帐户法在分析旅游经济影响方面的优缺点。     

PRICES AND PRICE ANALYSIS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

The paper discusses the role of prices in the framework of the new System of National Accounts (SNA) in terms of three major uses: (1) deflation, (2) price indicators, and (3) price analysis. Following a brief review of the price and quantity measures required by the new SNA with its emphasis on deflation of commodity flows and input-output accounts, in addition to the more conventional deflation of final demand categories, the paper discusses some of the conceptual, methodological and data problems involved in implementing the various uses of prices in the new SNA. Implementing the use of prices as deflators depends, in part, on the concept of output selected (national versus domestic; gross versus net), and which of six concepts of valuation, ranging from purchasers'value to true factor cost, is used. Some of the difficulties in deflating nonmarket flows (e.g., interplant transfers) and industry value added, based on the double deflation method, are discussed. In concept price deflators, which have shifting weights, cannot be used as price indicators, which should have fixed weights. In practice, this is often disregarded and the deflators are used as price indicators. The paper support the SNA recommendation for the development of price indexes with fixed weights to be used as price indicators, in addition to the implicit price deflators. Research in the United States indicates that differences in weights can result in different price measures for various subperiods, components of demand and sector output. Periodic revisions in weights to provide more current fixed weights for price and quantity indexes in each subperiod may minimize the problem but it introduces a new problem—lack of comparability with the constant price tables in the SNA which have fixed weights for the entire period. The new SNA provides a comprehensive and integrated framework for price analysis including the analysis of the structure of aggregate price changes, the industrial origin of final demand prices, and the impact of price change in one sector of the economy on the rest of the economy. Some major gaps which need to be overcome in order to implement the use of the new SNA for price analysis include the development of industry capital stock estimates, separate estimates of proprietors’income, reconciliation of value added and distribution share estimates, and the development of a wide variety of information to supplement the conventional input-output tables in the SNA. Implementing the various objectives of price measures within the framework of the accounts will require a number of improvements in existing price measures and expanding the scope of coverage. “List” prices should be superseded by “transactions” prices and better techniques and data need to be developed to provide for quality adjustment of prices. Coverage will need to be expanded to include services, freight rates, trade margins, government expenditures, and also fill in gaps for many manufactured products. Finally, where possible, use of unit values as price indexes or deflators, e.g., imports and exports, should be replaced by direct price measures.     

对投入产出模型性质的理论思考#br#

投入产出方法作为一种经验研究方法被大量用于实际经济问题的分析，但是模型假定与方法性质的理解却是合理使用投入产出方法的前提。投入产出模型的突出特点表现为以生产为中心、结构性和方法的系统性。投入产出需求拉动的数量模型和成本推动的价格模型构成了其核心分析框架，两类模型都是以生产为中心；数量模型和价格模型所体现的产业间相互影响不仅包括直接联系，也包括间接联系，从而具有结构性特征。从系统性来看，这一分析框架以生产为核心形成模型的内生边界，并可以进一步对内生边界和概念进行调整；此外，通过引入分配系数建立供给驱动模型，以及与优化模型相结合扩展为广义投入产出模型体系，构成系统性的分析框架。为此，本文从投入产出模型的基本性质出发，对投入产出方法结构性的内涵、模型系统内生边界的划分和调整、需求拉动和供给推动模型体系的对称性，以及广义投入产出体系的对偶性等若干基本问题展开充分讨论，由此提出笔者对投入产出方法性质的思考。     

Dual price and quantity aggregation

In his seminal 1959 paper (in Econometrica), Gorman developed conditions for price aggregation in the context of income-constrained utility maximization. Price aggregation is defined as the existence of group income allocation functions with price indices and income as arguments. This paper develops and proves propositions about quantity aggregation that are dual to the Gorman results. These dual structures contain interesting asymmetries. The quantity aggregation concepts should be useful in the study of organizational structures characterized by decentralized shadow price (demand price) determination.     

浅谈中小企业如何回避采购中的运输风险

在采购物流中运输是最主要的，成为除产品采购成本外成本消耗最大的物流活动。由于不同的运输方式的速度、价格和风险也各不相同，为此，对中小企业来说选择合理的运输方式以有效回避采购中的运输风险成为采购物流的控制重点。本文对采购中的可能出现的运输风险进行了分析，在此基础上介绍了中小企业有效回避采购中运输风险的措施和建议。     

The impact of dual network structure on firm performance: the moderating effect of innovation strategy

ABSTRACT

Firm innovation is embedded in a collaboration network among researchers and a knowledge network composed of knowledge elements; the two networks are decoupled. Guided by social network theory, this study puts forward the definition and the classification of firm dual network structure, probes into the influence of dual network structure on firm performance, and explores the alignment between innovation strategy and firm dual network structure. We conduct an empirical study of 183 listed companies in China from 2004 to 2018. It is found that the four types of dual network structure all have positive impacts on firm performance, and the impact of a collaboration network is slightly higher than that of a knowledge network. Besides, innovation strategy plays a positive moderating role in the relationship between dual network structure and firm performance. Our findings provide new ideas for firms to identify and optimise knowledge and collaboration network structures and match them with innovation strategy to improve performance.     

基于网络嵌入性的集群生命周期研究--一个新经济社会学的视角

近年来产业集群研究的一个重要特点是由对运输成本、企业间投入产出关系的关注转向对集群相关经济制度、社会文化环境的分析(stroper,1997)。这一转向的直接缘由在于西方新经济社会学的兴起。文章试图从这一学科的基本理论主张出发,结合其核心概念———嵌入性、社会网络、社会资本的阐述,对产业集群的竞争优势、创新与锁定效应等问题做出新的、系统性理论解释。     

Choosing price or quantity? The role of delegation and network externalities

We consider a differentiated duopoly and endogenise the firm choice of the strategy variable (price or quantity) to play on the product market in the presence of network externalities. We model this choice by assuming both competition between entrepreneurial (owner-managed) firms and competition between managerial firms in which market decisions are delegated from owners to revenue-concerned managers. While network externalities are shown not to alter the symmetric equilibrium quantity choice arising in the no-delegation case, sufficiently strong network effects allow us to eliminate the multiplicity of equilibria under delegation and lead to a unique equilibrium in which both firms choose price.     

新古典生产函数的质疑与货币量值的生产函数

新古典理论以生产函数和效用函数为基础,建立了技术关系的稀缺资源有效配置理论,其核心是表明商品和要素稀缺性的相对价格.生产函数在微观尚可应用,但并不能用于解释总量经济和经济增长与波动问题.尤其是总供给完全取决于实物生产函数的投入产出关系,这与总需求分析所采用的货币支出是不协调的.货币量值的生产函数的推导表明,总供给只是企业的货币成本函数而不联系到技术上的投入产出关系,而所有的国民收入核算中的货币量值都只是表明人们经济关系的名义变量而与实物的技术关系或生产函数是完全无关的.     

Applied dynamic input-output with distributed activities

This paper implements dynamic input-output analysis with distributed activities. For this purpose, the input—output equation is formulated and solved in discrete time. Existing dynamic input-output models are shown to be instances. The fully distributed input-output model is applied to analyse the dynamic structure of the Polish economy. The effects of investment distributions are expressed by comparison with conventional, non-distributed input-output results.     

双层网络嵌入下结构洞对企业二元创新的影响研究

网络结构特征影响企业知识转移与知识组合效果,进而对创新绩效产生复杂作用。利用我国165家上市企业2007—2018年专利面板数据,实证检验企业知识与协同双层网络嵌入对二元创新绩效的影响,并分析战略柔性和开放度对上述关系的调节作用。研究结果表明,企业知识网络结构洞正向影响利用式创新绩效,负向影响探索式创新绩效;协同网络结构洞与二元创新均存在负相关关系。同时,战略柔性和开放度调节双层网络结构洞与二元创新的关系,且变量间存在有效匹配关系：知识网络结构洞—开放度促进利用式创新绩效提升,而协同网络结构洞—战略柔性促进探索式创新绩效提升。研究结论为解决结构洞与企业创新关系的分歧带来新思路,同时为企业创新绩效提升提供理论借鉴。