Tail systemic risk and contagion: Evidence from the Brazilian and Latin America banking network

In this study the tail systemic risk of the Brazilian banking system is examined, using the conditional quantile as the risk measure. Multivariate conditional dependence between Brazilian banks is modelled with a vine copula hierarchical structure. The results demonstrate that Brazilian financial systemic risk increased drastically during the global financial crisis period. Our empirical findings show that Bradesco and Itaú are the origin of the larger systemic shocks from the banking system to the financial system network, the real economy, and the region. The results have implications for the capital regulation of financial institutions and for risk managers' decisions.     

Using Inside Job to Teach Business Ethics

This article recommends the film Inside Job as an effective teaching tool for illustrating the ethical issues that surrounded the global financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent economic downturn. The study discusses issues such as the revolving door, conflicts of interest, fiduciary duty, executive compensation, and financial regulation. The presentation of each ethical issue comprises suggested questions, background information, and guides to specific sections of the film. An overview of the film is provided as well.     

The impact of banks and non-bank financial institutions on economic growth

Empirical studies examining the relationship between financial sector development and economic growth without including non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) will likely generate biased empirical results. This study provides evidence that NBFIs can have a statistically significant negative impact on economic growth using cross-country data for both emerging and advanced countries. This finding suggests that these non-bank institutions, often loosely regulated, may introduce an excessive level of risk into the financial sector and the general economy. It is consistent with the current global financial crises where NBFIs, such as investment banks and insurance companies, introduced an excessive level of risk into the global economy. Hence, policy-makers may need to consider more timely and effective regulation of NBFIs and insure that adequate transparency and disclosure is provided to all financial markets participants.     

Lessons from the Financial Crisis: New Rules for Central Banks and Credit Rating Agencies?

The US mortgage crisis, which has spiralled into what is now seen as the most serious global financial upheaval since the 1930s, has provoked criticism of the Federal Reserve for its failure to recognise, and act on, the real estate bubble. Credit rating agencies, too, have come under heavy fire for having actively contributed to the present crisis. Should central banks pay special attention to, and try to influence, the development of asset prices? Is statutory regulation of rating agencies required? If so, what form should it take? Is the European Commission’s recently issued draft up to its purpose?     

Asia-Pacific Economies: Challenges Along the Road from Self Reliance to Global Engagement

This review article makes a contribution to understanding the current U.S. subprime mortgage and credit crisis that has adversely affected the global financial system in terms of its historical parallels with a recent Asia-Pacific financial crisis. It also looks at the distinctive ways in which bad actors and flawed processes at the macro-, meso-, and microlevels have unilaterally shifted risks onto innocent stakeholders and are now facing a time of global reckoning and reform. An alternative business model, the global business integrity capacity model (GBICM), is proposed that inclusively balances types of capitalist, moral accountability, and human nature theories and provides a framework for selected reforms at the macro-, meso-, and microlevels, which are designed to prevent a recurrence of the current financial meltdown, to re-create systemic financial institution integrity, and to promote sustainable prosperity for current and future generations.     

我国金融服务业的开放与法律监管问题研究——基于上海自贸区的分析

随着中国(上海)自贸区的挂牌成立,中国的改革也进入到新的阶段。在全球金融危机余波仍在肆虐的当下,金融服务业开放的同时尚需要强力且高效的法律监管。本文通过对当前中国金融监管现状进行分析,结合世界金融危机后金融监管模式的改革趋势,认为中国(上海)自贸区的金融监管应基于保护投资者和公众的利益,且监管应考虑成本和效果的平衡,监管指标不宜过于复杂。     

How far have we come and where should we go after 30+ years of research on Africa's emerging financial markets? A systematic review and a bibliometric network analysis

In this study, we perform a systematic literature review and a bibliometric network analysis of studies on Africa's financial markets from 1992 to 2021. The findings are as follows. First, we observe a steady growth of financial markets research in Africa over the 30-year period under consideration, which is suggestive of increasing interest and commitment to research on financial markets in Africa. Additionally, we note a lack of collaboration between or among researchers of financial markets studies in Africa, which implies very little knowledge exchange, ideas sharing, and innovations. We identify seven major areas of research based on the thematic network and content analysis, which are as follows: (i) asset pricing, (ii) financial integration, (iii) contagion, herding and extreme global events, (iv) efficiency and predictability of stock returns, (v) market interdependencies-sources and channels, (vi) portfolio diversification and risk management strategies, and (vii) impact of economic and financial news. We offer several avenues for future research that can set the agenda for financial market research in Africa in the coming years.     

后危机时代构建宏观审慎监管的思考

金融监管不足是本次国际金融危机的重要推手,而产品创新过度源于微观审慎监管带来的监管套利,微观审慎监管的顺周期效应、影子银行体系及系统性重要银行监管的缺失则加剧了危机的深度。因此,宏观审慎监管的未来任务需要扩大监管范围,从总体上把握系统性风险,需要央行、金融机构、监管部门的整体配合,需要央行从源头控制流动性这一公共品,需要央行职能的重塑;然而宏观审慎监管的执行也面临一些不确定因素。     

How to Define a Systemically Important Financial Institution — A New Perspective

The recent financial crisis has demonstrated that a failure of systemically important financial institutions (SIFIs) could seriously damage the stability of the financial system. A precise and consistent definition of a SIFI is pivotal to ensure efficient and effective regulation of the global financial sector. This paper proposes a threefold test that indicates which financial institutions are systemically important across the various industry segments.     

Sustainability Practices and Corporate Financial Performance: A Study Based on the Top Global Corporations

Sustainability is concerned with the impact of present actions on the ecosystems, societies, and environments of the future. Such concerns should be reflected in the strategic planning of sustainable corporations. Strategic intentions of this nature are operationalized through the adoption of a long-term focus and a more inclusive set of responsibilities focusing on ethical practices, employees, environment, and customers. A central hypothesis, that we test in this paper is that companies which attend to this set of responsibilities under the term superior sustainable practices, have higher financial performance compared to those that do not engage in such practices. The target population of this study consists of the top 100 sustainable global companies in 2008 which have been selected from a universe of 3,000 firms from the developed countries and emerging markets. We find significant higher mean sales growth, return on assets, profit before taxation, and cash flows from operations in some activity sectors of the sample companies compared to the control companies over the period of 2006–2010. Furthermore, our findings show that the higher financial performance of sustainable companies has increased and been sustained over the sample. Notwithstanding sample limitation, causal evidence reported in this paper suggests that, there is bi-directional relationship between corporate social responsibilities practices and corporate financial performance.     

Transformation of China's sovereign wealth fund since the 2008‐2009 global crisis

China Investment Corporation (CIC) transformed its initial investment strategy of focusing mainly on the US financial sector during 2007‐2008 into a new strategy of diversified investments across geography and sectors since 2009. Massive financial losses and domestic political backlash during the global financial crisis of 2008 gave impetus to CIC's rethinking of strategy. In the midst of the crisis, CIC engineered a capacity‐building and reorganization exercise to reposition itself for a new strategy that has since allowed for more diversification of investments. A more receptive global investment climate for sovereign wealth funds has also aided CIC's efforts to present itself as a responsible global investor and facilitated its investments. Postcrisis, CIC's new strategy of diversification is characterized by continued investments in the financial sector, but with new investments increasingly directed to real sectors of energy, natural resources, and real estate in both developed and emerging economies. Notwithstanding a global recovery that is fraught with uncertainties, CIC's judicious timing in making diversified investments, and its attention to reducing risks and enhancing returns, have been rewarded by an impressive turnaround in performance since 2009. Going forward, the success and sustainability of the new strategy will be contingent on how well CIC can navigate domestic bureaucratic rivalry and the shifting climate of the international investment environment in the medium to long term. Ultimately, CIC's shareholder, the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC), holds the key to its future direction and goals. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

国内关于国际金融危机成因的研究综述

论文发现,国内的相关研究,分别基于金融体系、美国国内经济失衡、国际环境和马克思经济理论等探讨国际金融危机的成因。基于金融体系展开的研究分别从金融体系运作、金融产品创新、金融体系顺周期因素和金融监管等视角进行探讨。基于美国国内经济失衡展开的研究分别从失衡本身、联储货币政策和政府经济政策等视角展开论述。基于国际环境展开的研究则分别从国际失衡本身、国际货币体系和新兴国家责任等视角进行分析。论文分别从以上几个方面对国内关于国际金融危机成因的研究进行系统的介绍和评价。     

金融混业经营趋势与证券公司发展战略

我国金融业自1995年以来一直实行分业经营,这有其自身的背景和原因.随着分业经营弊病的凸现以及加入WTO后必然面临的国际竞争因素,决定了我国金融业必须由分业经营向混业经营转变.本文分析了全能型金融集团在我国的发展现状,并对证券公司未来的发展提出了策略选择.     

基于PageRank算法的中间品全球贸易网络格局演变分析

2008年金融危机以来,"逆全球化"抬头,全球贸易出现了向欧美等发达经济体回流的趋势。中间品贸易是全球贸易的先行"晴雨表",本文利用OECD地区间投入产出表,基于PageRank算法对中间品贸易的关键节点进行识别,并采用社会网络分析方法对1995~2014年中间品贸易格局的动态演变进行分析。研究发现,发达经济体在全球贸易体系中的地位逐渐下降,但其始终在高新技术领域占据着有利地位;发展中经济体在全球贸易体系中的地位有所上升,正在成为推动全球化的中坚力量,但由于其发展时间短且贸易伙伴相对单一,在全球贸易中的参与度仍有待提升。     

The global financial crisis and Islamic finance

The conventional view holds that the current global financial crisis was caused by extraordinarily high liquidity, reckless lending practices, and the rapid pace of financial engineering, which created complex and opaque financial instruments used for risk transfer. There was a breakdown of the lender‐borrower relationship and informational problems caused by a lack of transparency in asset market prices, particularly in the market for structured credit instruments. There was outdated, lax, or absent regulatory‐supervisory oversight; faulty risk management and accounting models; and the emergence of an incentive structure that not only encouraged excessive risk taking but also created a complicit coalition of financial institutions, real estate developers and appraisers, insurance companies, and credit rating agencies whose actions led to a deliberate underpricing of risk. Such a crisis would not have occurred under an Islamic financial system—due to the fact that most, if not all, of the factors that have caused or contributed to the development and spread of the crisis are not allowed under the rules and guidance of Shariah. The current global financial crisis is largely seen as a real test of the resilience of the Islamic financial services industry and its ability to present itself as a more reliable alternative to the conventional financial system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

金融全球化与金融监管:动因、挑战与问题——基于新兴市场经济国家的分析

金融全球化的动因是放松管制和技术进步，引起了金融机构和市场结构的巨大变化。新兴市场经济国家因此面临许多新的金融监管问题：新的监管需求，传统监管方法的局限性．处理金融竞争方法的调整，消费者保护，监管成本的控制，监管协调等。新兴市场经济国家需要进一步面对跨国金融活动、国际金融标准和监管执行力的挑战。     

Virtual Currencies,Distributed Ledgers and the Future of Financial Services

The phenomenon of virtual currencies has to be distinguished from the underlying distributed ledger technologies. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies need to be subject to strict financial regulation and supervision to ensure investor protection. At the same time, distributed ledger technologies will shape the future of the financial services in many respects. The disruptive potential is illustrated for selected financial products and processes.     

Bank governance,regulation and risk-taking in Ghana

ABSTRACT

Excessive risk-taking could spell doom for the financial market and the economy as a whole as evidenced by the recent global financial crisis of 2007/08. In this study, we document the impact of corporate governance on bank risk-taking behaviour whilst accommodating the moderating effect of forms of ownership on the relationship in a regulated environment as banks do not operate in a vacuum. A panel study with data spanning from 2000 to 2013 under the fixed effects model after several model diagnostics and performance of the Hausman specification test was used. We find reserve requirement regulation to significantly influence risk-taking positively. We advocate the reversal of the recent increase in the reserve requirement from 9% to 11% and rather recommend an increase in the regulatory capital adequacy ratio from the current 10%.     

World War II to 2011: Changes and Challenges in the Global Economy

This paper discusses six major changes and challenges that have emerged since World War II that will shape the global economy for the indefinite future. These are the changing economic role of women, the emergence of the global economic and financial system, the re-emergence of state-supported enterprises, the impact of the Internet, the global diffusion of opportunity and innovation, and globalization as an opportunity and a threat. How these challenges are addressed will have important consequences for business and for public policy. In addition to the prepared remarks, this paper also has a summary of the question-and-answer session that followed Dr. Hormats’ address.     

Impact of the Financial Crisis on Cross‐Border Mergers and Acquisitions and Concentration in the Global Banking Industry

The global banking industry has seen dramatic changes in the past 40 years. Most recently, the financial liberalization of emerging markets and the global financial crisis have significantly impacted the market share of banks worldwide. This article investigates the impact of the 2007–2008 financial crisis on cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in the banking sector and emphasizes the role of emerging‐market banks in the postcrisis consolidation trend. Using M&A data and concentration data over the period 2000–2013, our analysis indicates that the financial crisis had a significant impact on worldwide M&As, especially on the direction of the transactions. Emerging‐market banks appear to be major acquirers in the postcrisis period, targeting both neighboring countries and developed economies in Europe. We also observe an increase in bank concentration in developed markets most hit by the financial crisis, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom, whereas bank concentration decreased in emerging markets. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.