The Impact of Multilateral Trade Liberalisation on Economic Development: Some Empirical Evidence

This article examines the impact of multilateral trade policy liberalisation on countries' levels of economic development, proxied by their real per capita income. The study is particularly relevant in the current context of growing rhetoric against international trade, which could fuel domestic protectionism and would likely undermine multilateral trade liberalisation. The analysis has been conducted on a panel data set of 155 countries, over non‐overlapping four‐yearly sub‐periods during 1995–2014. The empirical results suggest strong support for the view that multilateral trade liberalisation promotes economic development. Hence, the rise in unilateral protectionist trade measures around the world would likely endanger the prospects of further multilateral trade liberalisation and ultimately undermine countries' prospects of economic development.     

金融发展、FDI与经济增长

本文基于拉姆齐—卡斯—库普曼斯模型,利用中国29个省、市、自治区1978～2004年的面板数据,研究金融发展、外商直接投资(FDI)对经济增长的影响。研究显示FDI在一定水平下,对东道国资本积累和产出增长的影响是非线性的,随着外资数量的逐渐增加,其对资本积累和产出增长的促进效应逐渐下降,FDI进入初期的正影响最终转为负影响,研究还显示FDI在数量一定的情况下,金融发展对本国资本积累和产出增长有正影响。金融发展通过有利于吸引外商直接投资、为外资企业提供金融服务,将潜在的溢出效应转化为现实生产力,显著地促进了经济增长。     

二元金融结构对宏观金融政策的影响分析

发展中国家金融市场存在着二元金融结构，即正规金融与非正规金融并存。本文拟从中国金融市场的二元结构出发，对二元金融结构效应进行分析，构建二元金融结构下的货币创造模型，并在此基础上对中央银行的相机抉择货币政策效果进行分析。     

金融发展与经济增长的非线性关联研究——基于门限模型的实证检验

本文对Odedokun(1996)的理论模型进行了扩展,并利用多元门限模型对我国金融发展与经济增长之间的非线性关联进行了考察。实证结果表明金融发展和经济增长之间呈现出显著的非线性关联,这就否定了通常将两者关系设定为线性的研究模式。进一步的分析表明单纯在总量关系上讨论我国金融发展和经济增长关联性的意义并不明显,这启示我们在日后的研究中应该更加重视金融发展作用于经济增长的途径和机制问题。     

Institutions for Financial Development: What are they and where do they come from?

Abstract.  Among the fundamental causes of long-run economic performance, differences in 'institutions' have received considerable attention in recent years. At the same time, a large body of theoretical and empirical work shows that financial development can have a big effect on economic performance. This raises the more fundamental question as to why some countries have developed financial markets while others do not. This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical research on this issue and shows that one of the channels whereby better institutions may have an effect on economic development is through the consolidation of larger and better financial markets. An issue that is left aside in this paper relates to what regulations and policies lead to better functioning capital markets. At some level, one can think of regulations and policies as particular types of institutions. Nonetheless, institutional problems are deeper causes leading to poor economic performance; bad policies might simply be part of the channels through which they influence performance. Thus, addressing the question of what determines the emergence of 'good' institutions – i.e. institutions that promote financial development – seems particularly important. Recent research providing some answers to this question is also reviewed.     

Financial development and economic growth in a microfounded small open economy model

The global financial crisis since 2008 revived the debate on whether or not and to what extent financial development contributes to economic growth. This paper reviews different theoretical schools of thought and empirical findings on this nexus, building on which we aim to develop a unified, microfounded model in a small open economy setting to accommodate various theoretical possibilities and empirical observations. The model is then calibrated to match some well-documented stylized facts. Numerical simulations show that, in the long run, the welfare-maximizing level of financial develop is lower than the growth-maximizing level. In the short run, the price channel (through world interest rate) dominates the quantity-channel (through financial productivity), suggesting a vital role of international cooperation in tackling systemic risk of the global financial system.     

FDI溢出、金融市场与经济增长

当人力资本由外资生产部门转向国内生产部门或建立新企业时,FDI内生的技术溢出将成为可能,而新企业的建立需要向国内金融市场进行融资,因此,金融市场将起到FDI溢出与经济增长的重要联结作用,其效率的高低将直接影响到FDI溢出的效果进而影响到经济增长,通过模型分析和数据检验,本文认为,金融市场效率的提高将降低融资成本,促进人力资本学习水平上升进而导致其建立新企业的努力,意味着金融市场效率的提高将增加FDI的边际社会产出,FDI的溢出效应将在更大程度上影响经济增长。     

Financial Markets, Development and Economic Growth: Tales of Informational Asymmetries

Abstract.  The development of financial systems is very often characterised by the development of innovative financial contracts which allow a more efficient allocation of resources and a higher level of capital productivity and economic growth. By exploiting the microeconomic theory of the optimal financial contract under asymmetric information, economists have recently managed to shed new light on the well studied issue of the relationship between financial market development and economic growth. This paper reviews the most recent progress of this literature which shows that the amount of information asymmetry in the credit market and the degree of heterogeneity between borrowers (typically firms) and lenders (typically workers or savers) determine the nature of the financial system. Differences in endowments and in the level of information distribution can give rise to very different financial contracts which affect, and in turn are affected, by capital accumulation and growth.     

金融发展与经济增长文献综述

对金融发展与经济增长的国内外研究进行了梳理。国外学者在理论和实证研究上都处于领先地位,并且他们的研究视野比较开阔,使用跨国数据比较多。中国学者在结合我国国情,对中国省域金融发展和经济增长的研究方面做了很多工作。但中国学者的理论研究比较薄弱,研究成果大部分停留在金融发展是否促进了经济增长层次,实证分析所用到的金融发展数据也基本局限于银行贷款,对证券市场稍有涉足,下一步的研究方向应该结合中国资本市场的发展提出有中国特色的金融发展理论。     

Financial development and governance: A panel data analysis incorporating cross-sectional dependence

This study investigates bidirectional causality between governance and financial development using panel data of 101 countries from 1984 to 2013. The financial development–governance nexus is explored using econometric methods robust to cross-sectional dependence, and the relationship between different levels of development and openness is analyzed. Long-run equation estimates show clear evidence that financial development positively affects governance, and this positive impact is found to be robust to three different measures of governance. Further analysis shows that improving governance quality has a positive effect on financial development, while Granger causality tests demonstrate bidirectional causality between financial development and the governance measures. Finally, the impact of financial development on governance is dependent on a country’s level of development and openness. These findings underscore the crucial role of financial development in bringing about good governance reforms and economic growth that, in turn, can further develop the financial sector. As such, a symbiotic and synergistic relationship can persist between good governance, growth, and financial development. The findings provide significant motivation for policymakers to encourage openness and financial sector development to lift the standard of living, especially in emerging economies.     

金融发展与农村经济增长关系研究的综述

金融发展与经济增长关系研究一直以来备受国内外学者的关注。为更全面研究金融发展对农村经济增长的促进作用,本文回顾了国外学者对金融发展与经济增长关系的研究,以及我国在此方面理论的创新。同时总结了金融发展与农村经济增长的实证研究,诸如相关指标设计和采用较新的计量方法对理论研究的检验等。     

中国1978～2002年的财政制度、经济增长与转轨:理论与事实

本文在回顾中国经济转轨的历史上,运用动态最优化和博弈论研究了财政制度对中国经济增长和经济转轨的影响,并结合1978～2002年的数据进行描述性分析和统计检验。本文结论认为：中央政府的经济改革从国有企业开始源于经济增长和财政两个方面的原因;在1986-1993年中央政府长期背负财政赤字是1990-1993年通货膨胀的根本原因;“分税制”改革最直接的结果是中央政府宏观调控能力的提高,也影响着货币政策和国有银行改革。     

FDI与技术外溢:基于金融发展的理论视角及实证研究

本文在两阶段世代交叠（OLG）模型中考察了外资企业技术外溢效果是如何依赖于国内金融发展水平的。模型中代表性居民面临成为外资企业雇佣员工或者是自主创业两种选择，通过对两种选择在两个时期消费决策的最优化行为求解，本文证实了金融效率的提高通过减低自主创业门槛从而有利于吸收外资企业技术外溢，同时金融效率变化并不影响外资部门自身的资本边际产出。基于我国1978～2003年时序数据的经验研究结果表明，虽然我国外商直接投资具有明显的资本积累效应，然而由于目前我国金融体系效率相对低下，并不利于国内企业充分吸收外资企业的技术外溢。     

A SURVEY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LITERATURE OF FINANCE AND GROWTH

Abstract.  This paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of financial development and economic growth. The survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of financial development in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables. Although the positive role of finance on growth has become a stylized fact, there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies. Several key issues unresolved in the literature are highlighted. The paper also points to several directions for future research.     

Multilateral Trade Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows

This paper investigates two questions: how does multilateral trade liberalisation affect inward foreign direct investment, and does this impact (if any) depend on the domestic trade policy? The analysis uses a panel data set comprising 171 countries spanning the period 1995–2012. Results indicate that multilateral trade policy liberalisation is conducive to higher FDI inflows in host countries. Furthermore, our evidence suggests that domestic trade policy almost always positively drives inward FDI in a context of multilateral trade policy liberalisation. Countries which initially have the most restrictive trade policy regimes appear to be the greatest beneficiaries of FDI inflows when they liberalise their trade policy in the context of multilateral trade liberalisation.     

深化中国—东盟区域金融合作的可行性条件:经济周期同步性研究

中国—东盟自由贸易区的全面启动,使得该区域内金融合作落后于贸易合作的问题越发凸显。根据蒙代尔的最优货币区理论,经济周期是否同步决定区域金融合作是否可行。文章通过建立多变量向量误差修正模型,依据共同趋势和共同周期理论,对中国与东盟经济周期的同步性进行了经验分析。结果表明,中国与东盟经济周期不仅在长期内具有共同的随机发展趋势,短期内也显示出明显的同步性,因而满足加深区域金融合作的可行条件。     

中国普惠金融发展对贸易边际及结构的影响

研究目标：考察中国普惠金融发展对贸易边际及结构的影响。研究方法：首先从理论上探讨了普惠金融发展对于贸易的影响,提出普惠制金融发展不仅会从集约边际和扩展边际两个方面影响贸易的规模,而且会因为行业间外部融资依赖度的差异而影响贸易的结构。然后,运用我国10个省份15个制造行业2004~2013年的数据,检验了普惠金融发展对于地区出口的影响。研究发现：普惠金融的发展对于出口总体上具有促进作用,不过,普惠金融对于出口的影响在行业上具有显著的异质性,总体来说,在外部融资依赖度较高的行业,普惠金融发展对于出口呈现出较多正向影响,而在外部融资依赖度较低的行业,普惠金融发展对于出口越多呈现出较多负向影响。研究创新：理论上研究了普惠金融发展与国际贸易边际的关系,并运用中国的数据进行了验证。研究价值：对于促进中国普惠金融体系的构建和贸易转型升级具有一定的政策启示。     

State history and the finance-growth nexus: Evidence from transition economies

In this paper, we analyze the growth effects of state history and financial development in transition economies. We show that accumulated experience with established statehood yields significant results and transforms the impact of finance on growth in East-Central Europe, Southeastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. State history as a proxy for long-run ancestral exposure to institutions, political organization and centralization negatively affects the finance-growth nexus. We argue that a long state history is likely to generate extractive institutions that facilitate the provision of soft budget constraints and thereby impair the finance-growth nexus.     

以应对金融危机的视角看我国城市化进程中地方财政困境的化解

全球性金融危机使我国经济遭到严重打击,也给我国带来了巨大的就业压力。笔者以为,当前形势下扩大就业的根本出路在于加快我国的城市化进程,而这一目标的实现又离不开地方财政的支持,然而94分税制后我国地方财政困境已是不争的事实,当前的经济形势又进一步加剧了地方财政的危机,因此,研究如何化解地方财政困境问题已成当务之急。     

企业财务竞争力研究

财务竞争力是当前财务管理理论中新的研究方向,作为现代财务学科体系中一个新的领域,为人们认识和发展财务学提供了新的思路,但尚未形成比较完整系统的理论。本文从企业核心竞争力与财务竞争力的关系出发,对财务竞争力的含义、构成要素及各要素之间的关系进行分析,并对企业财务竞争力的形成和提升进行了探讨。