Divergent regional development, factor mobility, and nontraded goods

Using an endogenous growth model with learning-by-doing effects in the production of a traded good, we derive divergent regional-growth paths in a two-region-three-good setting. A nontraded-goods sector using a mobile as well as an immobile factor of production provides the possibility of a steady-state equilibrium with a dispersed distribution of mobile workers. The paper investigates regional specialization, trade, and migration patterns in the steady-state equilibrium as well as in the transition process towards the steady-state. The long-run production and trade patterns of the regions are determined by history-dependent processes.     

Regional integration,international liberalisation and the dynamics of industrial agglomeration

This paper presents a 3-region footloose-entrepreneur new economic geography model. Two symmetric regions are part of an economically integrated area (the Union), while the third region represents an outside trade partner. We explore how the spatial allocation of industrial production and employment within the Union is affected by changes in two aspects of trade liberalisation, regional integration and globalisation, conditional to the skill endowment and the market size of the outside region. Our main contribution pertains to the analysis of the local and global dynamics of the specified factor mobility process. We show that significant parameter ranges exist for which an asymmetric distribution of economic activities is one of the possible long-run outcomes which may allow a smooth transition to agglomeration (in contrast to the NEG typical catastrophic scenario). In addition, we show that multistability is pervasive and that some attractors are Milnor attractors. Both results reinforce the NEG narrative on the importance of initial conditions for the long-run location of industrial activity.     

A two-country dynamic model of international trade and endogenous growth: Multiple balanced growth paths and stability

We formulate a two-country endogenous growth model, which explain joint determination of long-run trade patterns and world growth rates. After providing the existence and local stability of the continuum of balanced growth paths, we show that main standard trade propositions hold under some modifications and that, subject to certain conditions concerning social and private rankings of factory intensities between production sectors, the higher is the growth rate, the smaller is the volume of international trade among balanced growth paths in the continuum.     

The universal pathway to commodity structure upgrading in global trade evolution

Some scholars have proposed that economies grow by upgrading the commodities they produce and export. Product space theory holds that the export structure is determined by a country’s factor endowment and technological level, proposing the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) to analyze the specialization on commodities for countries. With the development of global trade, the network of multilateral trade relations has become increasingly hierarchical and complex. It would, therefore, be valuable to identify general patterns across countries of upgrading the commodity structure in the evolution of their participation in global trade. This paper shows that a typical pattern of change in the dominant types of foreign trade occurs when an economy has grown to a certain scale. With economic development, the advantages of high-technology commodities in trade gradually become more prominent.

     

Productivity Growth,Human Capital and Technology Spillovers: Nonparametric Evidence for EU Regions

This paper assesses the strength of productivity spillovers nonparametrically in a data set of 12 industries and 231 NUTS2 regions in 17 European Union member countries between 1992 and 2006. It devotes particular attention to measuring the catching up through spillovers depending on the technology gap of a unit to the industry leader and the local human capital endowment. We find evidence of a nonlinear relationship between the technology gap to the leader as well as human capital and growth in logs. Spillovers are smallest for units with a medium‐high technology gap to the leader, especially for regions where human capital endowments are low.     

山东省出口增长与要素禀赋的协整分析

根据Granger因果检验方法和协整理论,利用山东省1986～2007年的经济数据,对山东省要素禀赋对出口增长的影响进行了实证分析。结果表明,山东省出口增长与要素禀赋之间存在单向的Granger因果关系,出口增长与要素禀赋之间存在着长期稳定的均衡关系。要素禀赋对出口增长有显著的促进作用,因此增加人均固定资本有利于外贸出口的增长[1]。     

Patterns of technology,industry concentration,and productivity growth without scale effects

This paper investigates the relationship between geographic patterns of industry and economic growth in a two-country model of trade with no scale effect, where productivity growth is generated by firm investment in process innovation. We find that dispersed equilibria with industry located in both countries produce higher growth rates than concentrated equilibria with all industry located in one country. The highest growth rate arises for equal industry shares and no productivity gap, implying that industry concentration has a negative effect on overall growth. Convergence towards a dispersed equilibrium is contingent on transport costs and knowledge dispersion.     

Adjustment, Stabilisation and the Analysis of the Employment Structure in Turkey: An Input- Output Approach

The aim of the paper is to examine the effects on employment of the large-scale structural adjustment programme undertaken by Turkey from the early 1980s onwards. In this respect, we particularly analyse how appropriate the choices of factor intensity after structural adjustment programme have been in the domestic production in comparison with the availability of domestic factor endowment. Our findings show that foreign trade in intermediate goods creates extra use of domestic labour, which can be considered as the labour cost of importing intermediate goods. This is the case in the majority of industries in the pre- and post-liberalisation period in Turkey. However, the capacity of using extra labour as a result of importing intermediate goods appeared to have decreased in the post-liberalisation period.     

高铁开通、要素禀赋与区域经济增长——以贵州省为例

基于2008-2018年贵州省9个地级市和自治州的面板数据,实证检验高铁开通对区域要素禀赋与经济增长的影响。结果表明:高铁开通在总体上促进了贵州省区域经济增长,提高了劳动力要素的相对丰裕程度。然而,高铁开通并未表现出技术溢出作用,反而降低了劳动力和资本要素的边际生产率,对要素禀赋结构优化和区域经济长期发展产生不利影响。基于此提出,应因地制宜科学规划高铁建设,推进科学技术创新,加强高素质人才培养与引进,优化营商环境,提升社会保障水平,以发挥高铁的扩散效应,降低聚集效应,进而改善要素禀赋结构,促进区域经济协调发展。     

UK Intra-industry Trade with the EU North and South

This paper tests the traditional country and industry hypotheses of intra-industry trade (IIT) in vertically and horizontally differentiated products in the context of the UK's bilateral trade with EU countries. It distinguishes empirically between IIT in vertically and horizontally differential goods, between trade with EU 'North' and 'South' and between the effects of using GDP proxies and direct measures of national factor endowment differences. The paper shows that the robustness of the results of earlier multi-country studies are open to challenge, that the separation of IIT into vertical and horizontal IIT offers an important innovation to the empirical work in this area and that further development of large numbers models of IIT in quality differentiated goods is required.     

Changing industrial structure and competitive patterns of manufacturing and non-manufacturing in a small open economy: An entropy measurement

This paper studies the industrial concentration and competitive patterns of Hong Kong, a typical small open economy, via an entropy measurement. A relatively low degree of concentration was found to exist. Manufacturing showed decreasing concentration for 1976-81 and increasing concentration after 1987. Non-manufacturing had decreasing concentration since 1982. A structural change between the sectors had occurred. The size of the domestic market seemed unimportant in determining the level of concentration in a small open economy with free trade. The open-door policy of the PRC which facilitated free resource mobility and outward investment between the two regions should be important to contribute such patterns.     

UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF CITIES AND EMISSIONS EMBODIED IN TRADE

The attribution of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions embedded in interregionally traded products to either production or consumption regions is a key issue to the understanding of the global environmental responsibility of metropolitan areas. In this paper we identify GHG emissions for which metropolitan areas assume responsibility by allocating emissions embodied in import and export products to regions of either consumption or production in the cases of three US metropolitan areas. The case studies show that embodied emissions in both export and import products accounted for 63–73% of total GHG emissions directly and indirectly pertaining to these metropolitan economies. These findings suggest that an accounting method that incorporates emissions embodied in product trade has relevance to the development of local policies that govern actions ranging from redirecting metropolitan development patterns toward low carbon emissions to promoting sustainable consumption behavior, particularly those involving the collaboration of cities.     

INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN MINING PRODUCTS

Abstract The increase in mineral price volatility since 1970 and worries about the impact of rapidly growing mineral exports on the economic growth of developing countries have created recent interest in mineral trade flows and policies. This paper provides a review of current thinking on the economics of international trade in mining products. Despite mining products’ importance in early formulations of trade theory, there have been relatively few studies that have specifically examined mining product trade flows. The limited evidence that exists supports the idea that factor endowment differences explain much mining product trade. There is some apparent South–South and intra‐industry trade in mining products, but we find no need to resort to the ‘new trade theory’ to explain this. Given worries of substandard growth and development in mining‐based economies, trade policies have been used to try to accelerate the movement towards resource‐based manufacturing. In the light of recent evidence that mining product exporters have not suffered in the long‐run from mining activity, these policies are likely to have been unwarranted. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that the more closed mining economies have had faster growth than the open mining economies, reflecting correction of a political economy trap that causes open mining economies to under‐invest in education.     

A monopolistic-competition model of international trade with external economies of scale

This paper presents a two-country model of monopolistic competition in which differentiated products are produced subject to external economies of scale and two countries differ only in size measured by the factor endowment. It is shown that under free trade, the larger country has positive net exports of differentiated products, which leads to its gains from trade, while the smaller country may lose from trade. Noteworthy is that the industrial agglomeration induced by inter-industry trade is possibly harmful to both countries if the two countries are similar in size and the taste for product diversity is sufficiently strong.     

Trust or bust: Growth effects of knowledge,human and social capital revisited

Social capital consists of trust, collective values, and shared norms. It helps society to work efficiently and, hence, promotes knowledge accumulation and growth. This paper identifies the contribution of social capital to differences in total factor productivity among European subnational regions, but, unlike other studies, it focuses on the effects of interregional differences in social capital. To do so, the paper employs a spatial Durbin model of a social-capital extended Cobb-Douglas production function. Our results suggest that transfers of knowledge might be secondary to the presence of collectivism and human capital in knowledge-generating regions. Although knowledge can cross boundaries, an absence of skills and trust limits local growth capacity. Our estimations also suggest the presence of gravity effects emanating from social and human capital in which some regions lose against others nearby that have more abundant social and human capital.     

A world trade model with bilateral trade based on comparative advantage

This paper describes an extension of Duchin's world trade model to include the explicit representation of transportation costs, permitting the endogenous determination of bilateral trade flows and region-specific prices. The original model is a linear program that, based on comparative advantage and the minimization of factor use, determines regional production and trade flows as well as world prices and scarcity rents for m regions, n good, and k factors. The new world trade model with bilateral trade achieves its objectives by introducing transportation services and geographically dependent transportation requirements for each traded good and each pair of potential trade partners. The formulation of this model and its major properties are presented, and results from a preliminary analysis with 11 regions, eight goods, four transportation sectors, and six factors of production are reported and compared with corresponding results from the world trade model. On the basis of this comparison, we conclude that transportation costs have little impact on a region's total imports or exports of a given commodity.     

The revival of cities in medieval Europe: An application of catastrophe theory

In early medieval times, a great change came over Europe. One of its most noticeable aspects was the growth of cities which had been static or declining for centuries. This paper discusses the possibility that the growth was due to the fact that trade was gradually becoming easier. Using the notions of catastrophe theory, it is shown that even a slow improvement in communications could result in a sudden change in the nature of the system, with regions that had previously been unspecialized and self-contained changing over to active concentration on manufacturing or farming. The resulting improvement in living standard could explain the increase in total population which happened concurrently with the growth of the cities. A different explanation is also discussed: cities may have originally grown in response to the pressure of an independently increasing population. It is shown that in this case the growth patterns would be different, making it possible to test which of the two explanations is incorrect.     

Impact of China's currency valuation and labour cost on the US in a trade and exchange rate model

Ricardian dynamic general equilibrium analyses show that under free trade arrangements a low income country with lower wage cost and large endowment of labour has comparative advantage in trade. Efficiency gains from this enhance economic growth and welfare of households simultaneously in both low income and advanced economies. Theoretical predictions are empirically validated here with structural VAR analysis based on quarterly data over the time period 1995:1 to 2009:1 on China's relative wage cost, interest rate differential, real effective exchange rate (REER), relative GDP and the US current account balance. It is shown how the relative prices of labour, capital and the currency affect the economic activity in China and current account balance in the US. With free capital inflows and outflows and restrictions on labour mobility, comparative advantage of China and the trade deficit of the US will both be minimised if China allows real appreciation of the Yuan and complete adjustment in prices. Higher production cost and prices in China could reduce welfare of Chinese households and the trade imbalance of the US, while higher relative GDP of China lowers the current account balance for the US.     

Capital use intensity and productivity biases

Measures of productivity growth are often pro-cyclical. This paper focuses on measurement errors in capital inputs, associated with unobserved variations in capital utilization rates, as an explanation for the existence of pro-cyclical patterns in measures of productivity. Recently constructed national and state-specific indexes of inputs, outputs, and productivity in U.S. agriculture for 1949–2002 are used to estimate production functions that include proxy variables for changes in the utilization of durable inputs. The proxy variables include an index of farmers’ terms of trade and an index of local seasonal growing conditions. We find that utilization responses by farmers are significant and bias measures of productivity growth in a pro-cyclical pattern. We quantify the bias, adjust the measures of productivity for the estimated utilization responses, and compare the adjusted and conventional measures.