基于再制造的闭环供应链协调定价研究

以博弈论为基本研究方法,建立了双寡头制造商利用共同的零售商销售新产品和回收废旧品的闭环供应链博弈模型.研究在分散化定价决策下,闭环供应链中的节点企业为了取得最优利润,如何确定各自的批发价、零售价,以及废旧品回收价和回收补贴价格,发现在分散化定价决策下系统利润要低于集中定价决策下的系统利润,并因此提出了一个改进的两部定价契约来实现闭环供应链的协调定价.     

物流服务三级供应链定价及协调策略探讨

对物流服务三级供应链系统,应用博弈论理论对供应链系统的定价、产量和利润进行分析,发现零售商所承担的服务价格比例越大,各节点企业的利润也相应地增大,从而通过设置合理的分摊比例,可以达到优化供应链的目的。对于联合决策,给出了基于NASH谈判模型的供应链协调机制,最后通过算例对结果进行了验证。     

品牌权益影响下的双渠道供应链定价决策及协调研究

针对一个制造商开通直销渠道销售产品与零售商的价格竞争问题,文章基于制造商与零售商共享品牌权益的视角,研究在制造商双渠道供应链结构中,价格和品牌权益同时作用下的双渠道供应链定价决策,分别分析在集中决策下和分散决策下,品牌权益对两种渠道价格和利润的影响。研究发现：在集中决策下,两种渠道的价格、利润与品牌权益成正相关;在分散决策下,当品牌权益超过一定临界值时,其对制造商直销渠道的价格和制造商总利润的影响大于零售商。鉴于品牌权益对供应链定价决策的重要影响,文章建立制造商和零售商之间的品牌权益成本共担机制,并通过数值仿真分析发现,当实施品牌权益成本共担机制时,制造商和零售商的销售价格和利润均是最优的。因此,零售商应加强与制造商的互动,共同创造高品牌权益的同时,也应共同分享高品牌权益。     

展厅效应下考虑公平偏好的O2O供应链定价与协调策略研究

为研究公平偏好和展厅效应影响O2O供应链定价决策的机理及供应链系统的协调问题,本文构建传统零售商提供线下体验服务而线上直销制造商具有公平偏好的序贯博弈模型。研究表明：在制造商主导的O2O供应链中,展厅效应和公平偏好都会降低线下服务水平,损害制造商和实体店利润;展厅效应和制造商公平偏好加剧了供应链系统决策效率损失;设计考虑线下服务成本分担和制造商收益共享的混合型契约在一定条件下能实现受公平偏好和展厅效应共同影响的O2O供应链协调。     

两级物流服务商参与的供应链最优决策与利益分配研究——基于多种合作模式视角

在两级物流服务商参与的供应链系统中存在一条由制造商与零售商构成的产品供应链（PSC）和另一条由物流服务集成商和物流服务提供商构成的物流服务供应链（LSSC）。通过分析两方合作、多方合作等不同决策模式下的博弈情形，得出在两方合作决策模式下，对于LSSC来讲，集中决策属于占优战略，而当物流服务水平敏感系数与零售价格敏感系数满足一定条件时，PSC会选择集中决策；系统集中决策模式、三方合作决策模式、两方合作决策模式下的系统总利润、物流服务水平和产品销量依次递减；采用Nash谈判模型及最小核心法设计了不同合作模式下的供应链利益分配机制，实现供应链协调；最后，通过数值分析验证了相关命题的研究结论和利益分配机制的有效性，并在此基础上提出了未来可深入研究的领域与方向。     

零售商竞争环境下二级供应链协调机制探讨

本文研究由一个制造商和两个零售商组成的二级供应链,并且制造商占主导地位,分别研究了集中式供应链时零售商的最优定价和分散式供应链时零售商的最优零售价格、制造商的最优批发价格.最后得出集中式决策时的最优零售价格比分散式决策时的最优零售价格低;集中式决策时的供应链系统总利润比分散式决策时的供应链系统总利润要大,并且最优零售价格随着零售商之间的敏感系数的增大而增大,供应链系统总利润随着零售商之间的敏感系数的增大而增大.     

考虑供需双方多影响因素的双渠道供应链定价策略

本文针对当前由制造商主导的新型供应链系统出现的双渠道定价决策问题,提出了考虑风险规避、客户异质性偏好以及零售商客户服务水平的定价模型。通过该模型和算例,探讨了上述多个因素如何影响供应链决策双方的定价水平、效用与利润。研究表明：在决策双方风险中性和客户异质性偏好下,随客户服务水平的变化,制造商直销价格与批发价格、零售商销售价格变化趋势相反;在决策双方风险规避和客户异质性偏好下,上述三者定价均受风险规避水平和客户服务水平的共同影响;在零售商风险规避和客户异质性偏好下,零售商效用与风险规避水平、服务水平在变化周期中具有复杂关系;在制造商风险规避和客户异质性偏好下,制造商效用与上述多个影响因素呈负相关。     

产品延保服务的供应链定价决策研究——基于制造商与零售商行为博弈分析

延保产品服务的提供既能为企业带来效益,又能保障消费者的售后权益。因此,企业和消费者对延保产品服务高度重视。本文构建由制造商和零售商组成的供应链博弈模型,分别探讨制造商提供延保产品服务、零售商提供延保产品服务、制造商和零售商同时提供延保产品服务三种模式下,制造商与零售商的最优定价决策,分析制造商/零售商提供的延保产品服务成本、服务需求及消费者对延保产品服务价格的敏感系数等对企业利润及延保产品服务选择决策的影响。研究结果显示：（1）企业间提供延保产品服务的竞争有利于提高企业利润;（2）延保服务的价格是消费者决定是否购买的主要因素之一;（3）延保产品服务市场具有较大的发展空间与价值空间;（4）政府激励政策可以推动延保产品服务市场的进一步发展。基于此,要鼓励企业开展延保产品服务,提高服务水平,延保产品服务市场前景广阔。     

基于需求与储量相关条件下的供应链协调研究

供应链模型由一个制造商和零售商组成,其中制造商向零售商供应商品,零售商面临客户的商品需求与储量相关。在该模型中,制造商欲通过批发价和储量成本补偿方式来协调分散式供应链并赢利,使供应链分散式时的系统总储量等于集中控制时的储量水平。假定商品需求是依赖储量的函数和一个储量成本补偿。在单个零售商情形下,制造商需要增大批发价及支付给零售商的储量成本补贴来协调整个渠道并盈利。当两个及多个零售商竞争时,假定市场需求依赖于总储量水平,零售商按照储量比例分割市场。     

基于同质多零售商的逆向供应链协调策略研究

本文基于一个制造商和多个零售商组成的逆向物流系统,讨论了在逆向供应链中的废旧物品回收的定价问题,笔者应用了博弈论中的Stackelberg博弈和合作博弈对双方的定价策略进行了研究。通过比较双方的非合作博弈和合作博弈结果,我们以双方利润为评价目标进行了分析,提出了使双方达到利润最大化的协调方法,即使供应链系统的整体利润最大化,通过进行利润分配的协调,使制造商和零售商都能得到更多的利润,使资源得到充分地利用,得到最优化地配置。     

Pricing coordination of a dual-channel supply chain considering offline in-sale service

With the rapid development of e-commerce, the problem of pricing conflicts between online and offline channels has become increasingly prominent. And the in-sale service has become an important factor influencing consumers' purchase decisions. To study the impact of in-sale service, this paper establishes a dual-channel supply chain model considering offline in-sale service. Using Stackelberg's game theory and backward induction, it solves the optimal pricing of supply chain members and makes comparisons in both cooperative and non-cooperative situations. Finally, it coordinates the supply chain through a two-part tariff contract. The results show that (1) The optimal wholesale price and offline retail price are positively correlated with in-sale service quality. And the opposite of the optimal online direct selling price. (2) With the quality of in-sale service improving, the retailer's profit will increase and then decrease but the manufacturer's profit will always decrease under non-cooperation. The total profit of the supply chain will rise and then fall under cooperation. (3) The two-part tariff coordination maximizes profits with the manufacturer reducing the wholesale price and the retailer paying a transfer cost. (4) Cooperative decision is better than the non-cooperative decision in terms of the supply chain as a whole.     

Retailer's decoy strategy versus consumers' reference price effect in a retailer-Stackelberg supply chain

Decoy strategy for bundling is an important marketing option because it can reflect the behavior resulting from consumers' reference price effect. This paper develops a game-theoretic model of a dyadic supply chain to study the joint decisions on pricing and decoy strategies in the presence of consumers' reference price effect. The retailer chooses one of the decoy strategies (phantom decoy-mixed bundling, decoy-mixed bundling) and selling prices to maximize her profit. Our study shows that: under both decoy strategies, the retailer and the manufacturer benefit from consumers' low reference price effect; however, the high reference price effect hurts their profits.     

供应链成员企业投资RFID技术的激励机制：共享收入与谈判批发价的比较

许多已有研究发现供应链成员投资RFID技术的动机是一致的，它们假定投资前后的批发价能以相同方式制定。然而，供应链成员在投资前可能已达成固定的批发价。考虑包含一个制造商(她)和一个零售商(他)的供应链系统，成员可采用如分享销售收入(RS)、重新谈判批发价格(WR)、二者并用(B)的激励机制。结果发现在WR和B下，当制造商的谈判权力中等且标签成本较小时，投资RFID能实现双赢，但两家企业的投资动机不总是完全一致；当初始批发价足够高时，若制造商的谈判权力足够强，制造商和零售商对WR的偏好都高于N，对B的偏好都高于RS；当初始批发价较低时，若制造商的谈判权力中等，双方对RS的偏好都高于WR。若制造商的谈判权力较强，供应链系统在B下的收益比WR下的高；若制造商的谈判权力中等或较弱，供应链系统在B或WR下的收益都比N和RS下的高。     

Retail services and firm profit in a dual-channel market

With the rapid development of the Internet, many manufacturers nowadays use online technology to engage in direct sales. The mix of retailing with a direct channel adds a new dimension of competition and complementarity to a product's distribution channels. Our model focuses on the strategic role played by the retail services in a dual-channel competitive market. The manufacturer uses a direct channel as an effective tool to motivate the retailer to improve its retail services and profits from it. While operated by the manufacturer to motivate retailer to perform more effectively from the manufacturer's perspective, the direct channel may not always be detrimental to the retailer because the retailer can obtain a lower wholesale price from the manufacturer and a higher sales volume from the improved retail services. In our research, our results suggest that the improved retail services effectively alleviate the channel competition and conflict and improve the supply chain performance in a competitive market.     

Price and quality decisions in a vertically-differentiated supply chain with an “Online-to-Store” channel

Because of the prevalence of “Online-to-Store (OS)” channel, customers can purchase differentiated products online and pick up in-store. We develop a Stackelberg game-theoretic model to study the impact of an OS channel on quality levels, demands, prices, and profits of a manufacturer and a retailer in a supply chain. We assume that the retailer acts as a Stackelberg leader, and the manufacturer acts as a Stackelberg follower. The manufacturer produces and sells two products with vertically-differentiated quality levels to the retailer who in turn sells the products to customers through a Store channel, an Online channel, or an OS channel. The retailer incurs a handing cost if the OS channel is available, and consumers bear a shipping cost and a transaction cost when the products are purchased from the Online and Store channels, respectively. We find that the manufacturer should reduce both products’ quality levels and wholesale prices, whereas the retailer can increase the selling prices for a relatively small shipping cost and a not too small handling cost. When the products are available both online and in-store, however, the quality levels, wholesale prices and selling prices might increase for a small shipping cost and a not too small handling cost. Compared to the case in which both products are available online only with the OS channel, adding the Store channel is always beneficial for both parties. The intuition behind these results hinges on the trade-off between the handling cost and the increased market demand for the retailer. Moreover, the quality levels, the wholesale prices of both products, and the selling price of the low-quality product would decrease, while the selling price of the high-quality product increases for a sufficiently low transaction cost and a not too small shipping cost.     

Optimal generic and brand advertising efforts in a decentralized supply chain considering customer surplus

While the previous researches of advertising efforts decisions focus on only the firms' profit target, no literature introduces corporation social responsibility target into advertising efforts decisions of a supply chain (SC). To fill this gap, we consider a two-stage SC with a manufacturer and a retailer where the SC members consider the customer surplus. Both the retailer and the manufacturer can invest in generic advertising efforts to influence and increase the products' sales volumes. This paper investigates the following four scenarios: (1) The retailer cares the customer surplus (Model I); (2) The manufacturer cares the customer surplus (Model II); (3) Both the retailer and the manufacturer care the customer surplus (Model III); (4) We then extend the model III to the case that the manufacturer invests in both the generic and brand advertising efforts (Model IV). The objective of this paper is to determine the optimal retail price, the optimal advertising efforts, and the optimal profits of SC members, and find the influence of customer concern level on the SC performance. Finally, numerical examples are conducted to investigate the influence of the customer concern levels of the retailer or the manufacturer on the profits of the SC members and the entire SC. We also study the joint impacts of the customer concern levels of the retailer and the manufacturer on the SC performance. We find that the SC obtains the highest profits when the retailer's customer concern level and the manufacturer's customer concern level are relatively high, and the best cooperative strategy for the retailer and the manufacturer is that they improve customer concern level simultaneously.     

Strategic Decentralization and Channel Coordination

In this paper, we show that under certain conditions, strategic decentralization through the addition of a retailer in the distribution channel can increase a manufacturer's profits. The specific case on which we focus is the quantity coordination (double marginalization) problem for a manufacturer selling durable goods in a two-period setting. We show that the standard solution that coordinates a channel for non-durables does not coordinate the channel for durables. In particular, even though a manufacturer can achieve channel coordination by offering per-period, two-part fees, the equilibrium wholesale price in the first period is strictly above the manufacturer's marginal cost. This is in stark contrast to the two-part solution for non-durables where the equilibrium wholesale price is equal to marginal cost. We also identify a strategy that solves both the channel coordination and the Coase problem associated with durable goods. In this strategy, at the beginning of period 1, the manufacturer writes a contract with the retailer specifying a fixed fee and wholesale prices covering both periods. We show that by adding a retailer and using this contract, the manufacturer makes higher profits than it could if it were to sell directly to consumers.     

How a novel option contract helps a green product to enter a traditional product's retailing channel: A mathematical modeling approach

Multi-sourcing is a practical strategy in retail channels that allows retailers facing uncertainties to respond more effectively to consumers' needs by distributing market demand across multiple supply sources. In this respect, this research investigates a price-setting retailing channel, including two manufacturers (a traditional manufacturer and a green manufacturer) and one retailer where end-of-life products can be collected. The retailer faces an uncertain price-dependent demand and sets orders from both supply directions based on a low-cost ordering approach. The primary purpose of this study is to develop an optimal solution to allow the green product to enter the retailing channel of the non-green product. Accordingly, this research develops and compares two different contractual mechanisms from the standpoint of the green manufacturer/retailer and the supply chain (SC): (1) a penalty-based contract and (2) a modified call option contract mixed with a cost-sharing mechanism. The main contribution of the current paper is to investigate an option contract for the effective management of a closed-loop supply chain and combine it with a cost-sharing contract as a new approach. Another contribution is that the developed model considers two practical channels for collecting and returning obsolete products to the green manufacturer: (1) the retailer is responsible for collecting and returning obsolete products, and (2) collecting and returning obsolete products is outsourced to a third-party logistics provider (3PL). Eventually, the models' efficiency is verified by investigating different numerical experiments, discovering that the proposed reservation-based contract outperforms the penalty-based contract for both parties' profitability and retailing channel's improvement. Besides, the present study finds that hiring 3PL significantly increases the green manufacturer's profit compared to other scenarios.     

基于批发价格契约的低碳供应链协调研究——考虑互惠和利他偏好的分析视角

为弥补供应链理性经济人假设或只考虑单一偏好的缺失,基于批发价格契约建立完全自利和社会偏好下(仅零售商具有社会偏好、仅制造商具有社会偏好,以及双方同时具有社会偏好)的供应链博弈模型,分析决策主体的社会偏好对定价策略、碳减排策略、最优订购量、决策主体的利润和供应链的利润及其协调性的影响。研究发现:双方利他偏好程度的增大可激励制造商投资减排;领导者制造商的利他行为有利于减缓供应链"双重边际效用",而跟随者零售商的利他行为对供应链利润的影响与制造商的社会偏好有关;当双方的互惠偏好起主导作用且认为对方存在不友善行为时,互惠偏好会降低制造商减排积极性并会加剧供应链"双重边际效用"。上述结论延拓了供应链管理理论,为低碳供应链节点企业选择合作伙伴类型以及低碳供应链运作提供了参考。     

Empirical investigation of channel reactions to brand introductions

We investigate how incumbent manufacturers and retailers alter their pricing behavior in response to new product introduction. In performing our analysis, we need to be cognizant of the fact that the observed price changes can be due to entry-induced changes in a) demand conditions or b) costs or, on the other hand, to the competitive behavior of c) manufacturers and/or d) the retailer. In order to separate these four changes, we posit that manufacturer and retailer pricing is an outcome of maximizing a combination of shares and profits. This enhanced objective function allows us to measure competitive conduct benchmarked as less or more competitive than under the Bertrand-Nash framework. Our empirical analysis is based on the toothpaste category for the time period January 1993–February 1995. During this period, there were three brand introductions in two rounds of entry. Using the estimates from the demand and the supply model, we compute the changes in the retail and wholesale prices that are attributable to changes in demand conditions, manufacturer and retailer competitive conduct, and cost changes. These results support our conjecture that inferring the change in conduct solely based on a change in observed prices is likely to be erroneous. For the first new brand entry, we find that the brand introduction did not significantly increase competition between manufacturers. As a result, the balance of channel power between the manufacturers and the retailers remained unaltered. Both retailer and manufacturer profit margins increased after the first entry. However, subsequent to the second entry, retailer share of channel profits increased at the expense of the manufacturers; manufacturers even saw a decline in their absolute profit margins. We believe that this research will provide insight for manufacturers and retailers regarding how the various channel participants are likely to react to new product introduction. Furthermore, policymakers interested in understanding competitive reactions to new product introduction should find this research useful.